Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide. Issue 12 (23rd December 2013)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Powles, John; Fahimi, Saman; Micha, Renata; Khatibzadeh, Shahab; Shi, Peilin; Ezzati, Majid; Engell, Rebecca E; Lim, Stephen S; Danaei, Goodarz; Mozaffarian, Dariush
• Other Names: Mozaffarian Dariush author non-byline.; Ezzati Majid author non-byline.; Fahimi Saman author non-byline.; Khatibzadeh Shahab author non-byline.; Micha Renata author non-byline.; Powles John author non-byline.; Shi Peilin author non-byline.; Byers Tim E author non-byline.; Giovannucci Edward author non-byline.; Smith-Warner Stephanie author non-byline.; Elmadfa Ibrahim author non-byline.; Kalantarian Shadi author non-byline.; Rao Mayuree author non-byline.; Wirojratana Pattra author non-byline.; Lim Stephen S author non-byline.; Andrews Kathryn G author non-byline.; Engell Rebecca E author non-byline.; Elliott Paul author non-byline.; Brown Ian author non-byline.; Britton John author non-byline.; Fogarty Andrew author non-byline.; Land Mary Anne author non-byline.; Lewis Sarah author non-byline.; McKeever Tricia author non-byline.; Neal Bruce author non-byline.; Ocké Marga C author non-byline.; Webster Jacqui author non-byline.; Abbott Pamela A author non-byline.; Abdollahi Morteza author non-byline.; Gilardon Enrique O Abeyá author non-byline.; Ahsan Habibul author non-byline.; Al Nsour Mohannad Abed Alfattah author non-byline.; Al-Hooti Suad N author non-byline.; Arambepola Carukshi author non-byline.; Barennes Hubert author non-byline.; Barquera Simon author non-byline.; Baylin Ana author non-byline.; Becker Wulf author non-byline.; Bjerregaard Peter author non-byline.; Science Medical author non-byline.; Bourne Lesley T author non-byline.; Calleja Neville author non-byline.; Capanzana Mario V author non-byline.; Castetbon Katia author non-byline.; Chang Hsing-Yi author non-byline.; Chen Yu author non-byline.; Cowan Melanie J author non-byline.; De Henauw Stefaan author non-byline.; Elmadfa Ibrahim author non-byline.; Barbieri Heléne Enghardt author non-byline.; Farzadfar Farshad author non-byline.; Fernando Dulitha N author non-byline.; Filipovic Hadziomeragic Aida author non-byline.; Fisberg Regina M author non-byline.; Forsyth Simon author non-byline.; Garriguet Didier author non-byline.; Gaspoz Jean-Michel author non-byline.; Gauci Dorothy author non-byline.; Ginnela Brahmam NV author non-byline.; Guessous Idris author non-byline.; Gulliford Martin C author non-byline.; Hadden Wilbur author non-byline.; Haerpfer Christian author non-byline.; Hoffman Daniel J author non-byline.; Houshiar-rad Anahita author non-byline.; Huybrechts Inge author non-byline.; Hwalla Nahla C author non-byline.; Ibrahim Hajah Masni author non-byline.; Inoue Manami author non-byline.; Jackson Maria D author non-byline.; Johansson Lars author non-byline.; Keinan-Boker Lital author non-byline.; Kim Cho-il author non-byline.; Koksal Eda author non-byline.; Lee Hae-Jeung author non-byline.; Li Yanping author non-byline.; Indrawaty Lipoeto Nur author non-byline.; Ma Guansheng author non-byline.; Matsumura Yasuhiro author non-byline.; McGarvey Stephen T. author non-byline.; Fen Chan Mei author non-byline.; Mensink Gert BM author non-byline.; Monge-Rojas Rafael A author non-byline.; Musaiger Abdulrahman Obaid. author non-byline.; Nagalla Balakrishna author non-byline.; Naska Androniki author non-byline.; Ocke Marga C author non-byline.; Oltarzewski Maciej author non-byline.; Orfanos Philippos author non-byline.; Ovaskainen Marja-Leena author non-byline.; Pan Wen-Harn author non-byline.; Panagiotakos Demosthenes B author non-byline.; Pekcan Gulden Ayla author non-byline.; Petrova Stefka author non-byline.; Piaseu Noppawan author non-byline.; Pitsavos Christos author non-byline.; Posada Luz Gladys. author non-byline.; Riley Leanne M author non-byline.; Sánchez-Romero Luz Maria author non-byline.; Selamat Rusidah BT author non-byline.; Sichieri Rosely author non-byline.; Simmala Chansimaly author non-byline.; Steingrimsdottir Laufey author non-byline.; Swan Gillian author non-byline.; Sygnowska Elz˙bieta Halina. author non-byline.; Szponar Lucjan author non-byline.; Tapanainen Heli author non-byline.; Templeton Robert author non-byline.; Thanopoulou Anastasia author non-byline.; Thorgeirsdóttir Holmfridur author non-byline.; Thorsdottir Inga author non-byline.; Trichopoulou Antonia author non-byline.; Tsugane Shoichiro author non-byline.; Turrini Aida author non-byline.; Vaask Sirje author non-byline.; Veerman J Lennert author non-byline.; Verena Nowak author non-byline.; Waskiewicz Anna author non-byline.; Zaghloul Sahar author non-byline.; Zajkás Gábor author non-byline.;
• Is Part Of: BMJ open. Volume 3:Issue 12(2013)
• Publication Date: 2013-12-23
• Subjects: Nutrition & Dietetics -- Epidemiology -- Hypertension < Cardiology -- Preventive Medicine; Medicine -- Research -- Periodicals; 610.72
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2044-6055

Abstract

Abstract : Objectives: To estimate global, regional (21 regions) and national (187 countries) sodium intakes in adults in 1990 and 2010. Design: Bayesian hierarchical modelling using all identifiable primary sources. Data sources and eligibility: We searched and obtained published and unpublished data from 142 surveys of 24 h urinary sodium and 103 of dietary sodium conducted between 1980 and 2010 across 66 countries. Dietary estimates were converted to urine equivalents based on 79 pairs of dual measurements. Modelling methods: Bayesian hierarchical modelling used survey data and their characteristics to estimate mean sodium intake, by sex, 5 years age group and associated uncertainty for persons aged 20+ in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010. Country-level covariates were national income/person and composition of food supplies. Main outcome measures: Mean sodium intake (g/day) as estimable by 24 h urine collections, without adjustment for non-urinary losses. Results: In 2010, global mean sodium intake was 3.95 g/day (95% uncertainty interval: 3.89 to 4.01). This was nearly twice the WHO recommended limit of 2 g/day and equivalent to 10.06 (9.88–10.21) g/day of salt. Intake in men was ∼10% higher than in women; differences by age were small. Intakes were highest in East Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe (mean &gt;4.2 g/day) and in Central Europe and Middle East/North Africa (3.9–4.2 g/day). Regional mean intakes in North America, Western Europe and Australia/New Zealand ranged from 3.4 to 3.8 g/day. Intakes were lower (&lt;3.3 g/day), but more uncertain, in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Between 1990 and 2010, modest, but uncertain, increases in sodium intakes were identified. Conclusions: Sodium intakes exceed the recommended levels in almost all countries with small differences by age and sex. Virtually all populations would benefit from sodium reduction, supported by enhanced surveillance.