Air passenger forecasting using Neural Granger causal Google trend queries. (August 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Li Long, Chan; Guleria, Yash; Alam, Sameer
• Is Part Of: Journal of air transport management. Volume 95(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-08
• Subjects: Air passenger forecasting -- Granger causal -- Neural network; Airlines -- Management -- Periodicals; Aeronautics, Commercial -- Management -- Periodicals; 387.7068
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102083
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0969-6997

Abstract

Abstract: Air passenger forecasting provides important insights for both Governments and Aerospace industries to plan their for their future activities. Google Trends can provide a large database of historical search query frequency which can be used as explanatory variables for air passenger forecasting. This paper explores the use of a Neural Granger Causality model to select the best search query that can forecast arrival air passengers in Singapore Changi Airport. Neural Granger Causality models are an extension of the original Granger Causality model that uses neural networks instead of Linear Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) models to capture non-linear relations between the targets and the tested explanatory variables. In this paper, 1317 Google Trends search queries are tested for Neural Granger Causality of which 171 queries are deemed as Neural Granger Causal for forecasting Singapore Changi Airport monthly arrival passengers. The model that used all 171 Neural Granger Queries achieved the highest R 2 value ( R 2 = 0.919 ) with the lowest Standard Deviation ( S D = 0.363 ) compared to the other models which was not filtered for Neural Granger Causality. The 171 queries found are search terms that reflects a unidirectional neural granger causal relationship with the number of arrival air passengers at Changi Airport. Highlights: A novel method based on Google Trend Queries is proposed to identify internet search queries that can forecast air passengers. 171 Neural Granger Causal Google Trends Search queries are identified out of an initial 1317 queries using a word2vec model. Neural Granger Queries inputs to a forecasting model produced a higher forecasting performance.