Perspective of Spirulina culture with wastewater into a sustainable circular bioeconomy. (1st September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Lim, Hooi Ren; Khoo, Kuan Shiong; Chew, Kit Wayne; Chang, Chih-Kai; Munawaroh, Heli Siti Halimatul; Kumar, P. Senthil; Huy, Nguyen Duc; Show, Pau Loke
• Is Part Of: Environmental pollution. Volume 284(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-09-01
• Subjects: Spirulina -- Wastewater -- Circular bioeconomy -- Sustainability -- Bioproducts; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Environmental Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Effets physiologiques -- Périodiques; Pollution; Pollution -- Environmental aspects; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 363.73
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117492
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0269-7491

Abstract

Abstract: Spirulina biomass accounts for 30% of the total algae biomass production globally. In conventional process of Spirulina biomass production, cultivation using chemical-based culture medium contributes 35% of the total production cost. Moreover, the environmental impact of cultivation stage is the highest among all the production stages which resulted from the extensive usage of chemicals and nutrients. Thus, various types of culture medium such as chemical-based, modified, and alternative culture medium with highlights on wastewater medium is reviewed on the recent advances of culture media for Spirulina cultivation. Further study is needed in modifying or exploring alternative culture media utilising waste, wastewater, or by-products from industrial processes to ensure the sustainability of environment and nutrients source for cultivation in the long term. Moreover, the current development of utilising wastewater medium only support the growth of Spirulina however it cannot eliminate the negative impacts of wastewater. In fact, the recent developments in coupling with wastewater treatment technology can eradicate the negative impacts of wastewater while supporting the growth of Spirulina . The application of Spirulina cultivation in wastewater able to resolve the global environmental pollution issues, produce value added product and even generate green electricity. This would benefit the society, business, and environment in achieving a sustainable circular bioeconomy. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Chemical-based medium used in commercially viable production is not sustainable. Many studies reported in supporting and enhancing Spirulina growth in wastewater. Change in the concept of utilising wastewater by coupling with treatment technology. Explore sustainable, alternative low-cost culture media: vermicompost and seawater.