Zircon and Melt Extraction From a Long‐Lived and Vertically Extensive Magma System Underneath Ilopango Caldera (El Salvador). (12th May 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Cisneros de León, A.; Schmitt, A. K.; Kutterolf, S.; Schindlbeck‐Belo, J. C.; Hernández, W.; Sims, K. W. W.; Garrison, J.; Kant, L. B.; Weber, B.; Wang, K.‐L.; Lee, H.‐Y.; Trumbull, R. B.
• Is Part Of: Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems. Volume 22:Number 5(2021)
• Page Start: n/a
• Page End: n/a
• Publication Date: 2021-05-12
• Subjects: Central America -- Geochemistry -- Oxygen isotopes -- SIMS -- U‐series -- Zircon; Geochemistry -- Periodicals; Geophysics -- Periodicals; Earth sciences -- Periodicals; 550.5
• DOI: 10.1029/2020GC009507
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1525-2027

Abstract

Abstract: The Tierra Blanca (TB) eruptive suite comprises the last four major eruptions of Ilopango caldera in El Salvador (≤45 ka), including the youngest Tierra Blanca Joven eruption (TBJ; ∼106 km 3 ): the most voluminous event during the Holocene in Central America. Despite the protracted and productive history of explosive silicic eruptions at Ilopango caldera, many aspects regarding the longevity and the prevailing physicochemical conditions of the underlying magmatic system remain unknown. Zircon 238 U‐ 230 Th geochronology of the TB suite (TBJ, TB2, TB3, and TB4) reveals a continuous and overlapping crystallization history among individual eruptions, suggesting persistent melt presence in thermally and compositionally distinct magma reservoirs over the last ca. 80 kyr. The longevity of zircon is in contrast to previously determined crystallization timescales of <10 kyr for major mineral phases in TBJ. This dichotomy is explained by a process of rhyolitic melt segregation from a crystal‐rich refractory residue that incorporates zircon, whereas a new generation of major mineral phases crystallized shortly before eruption. Ti‐in‐zircon temperatures and amphibole geothermobarometry suggest that rhyolitic melt was extracted from different storage zones of the magma reservoir as indicated by distinct but synchronous thermochemical zircon histories among the TB suite eruptions. Zircon from TBJ and TB2 suggests magma differentiation within deeper and hotter parts of the reservoir, whereas zircon from TB3 and TB4 instead hints at crystallization in comparatively shallower and cooler domains. The assembly of the voluminous TBJ magma reservoir was also likely enhanced by cannibalization of hydrothermally altered components as suggested by low‐δ 18 O values in zircon (+4.5 ± 0.3‰). Plain Language Summary: The collapse of a volcano edifice into its shallow magma chamber can produce one of the most dangerous single events in nature, known as a caldera‐forming eruption. The TBJ eruption in El Salvador is of this kind and occurred around 1, 500 years ago, having a profound impact on Maya societies. Because of this, it is crucial to understand the inner workings of caldera‐forming eruptions to assess volcanic risks and their mitigation. Beneath Ilopango caldera, the micrometer‐sized radioisotopically datable mineral zircon grew within different storage levels of a silica‐rich magma reservoir suggesting continuous melt presence for up to ca. 80, 000 years prior to eruption. The time information given by zircon contrasts with that extracted from other, more abundant minerals from the same rocks (<10, 000 years). We explain this time difference between coexisting minerals by the ability of melt to carry along small zircon crystals, whereas coeval, larger, and more abundant minerals are left behind in the partially solidified portion of the magma reservoir. Once the segregated melt coalesced in a shallower and dominantly liquid magma chamber, major minerals resumed crystallization shortly before eruption. In addition, this new magma incorporated parts of older magmatic rocks from preceding volcanic cycles, thus generating even larger magma volumes. Key Points: U‐Th zircon ages for the last four explosive eruptions of Ilopango caldera reveal a long‐lived magma reservoir (>80 kyr) Contrasting residence times for major minerals and zircon suggest extraction of zircon along with evolved melt from crystal residue Melt extraction from vertically extensive, thermally zoned magma reservoir