The effect of climate change on the resilience of ecosystems with adaptive spatial pattern formation. (7th January 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bastiaansen, Robbin; Doelman, Arjen; Eppinga, Maarten B.; Rietkerk, Max
• Editors: Etienne, Rampal
• Is Part Of: Ecology letters. Volume 23:Number 3(2020)
• Page Start: 414
• Page End: 429
• Publication Date: 2020-01-07
• Subjects: adaptability of patterns -- critical transitions -- desertification -- ecosystem resilience -- regime shifts -- self‐organisation -- spatial ecology -- spatial patterns; Ecology -- Periodicals; 577
• DOI: 10.1111/ele.13449
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1461-023X

Abstract

Abstract: In a rapidly changing world, quantifying ecosystem resilience is an important challenge. Historically, resilience has been defined via models that do not take spatial effects into account. These systems can only adapt via uniform adjustments. In reality, however, the response is not necessarily uniform, and can lead to the formation of (self‐organised) spatial patterns – typically localised vegetation patches. Classical measures of resilience cannot capture the emerging dynamics in spatially self‐organised systems, including transitions between patterned states that have limited impact on ecosystem structure and productivity. We present a framework of interlinked phase portraits that appropriately quantifies the resilience of patterned states, which depends on the number of patches, the distances between them and environmental conditions. We show how classical resilience concepts fail to distinguish between small and large pattern transitions, and find that the variance in interpatch distances provides a suitable indicator for the type of imminent transition. Subsequently, we describe the dependency of ecosystem degradation based on the rate of climatic change: slow change leads to sporadic, large transitions, whereas fast change causes a rapid sequence of smaller transitions. Finally, we discuss how pre‐emptive removal of patches can minimise productivity losses during pattern transitions, constituting a viable conservation strategy. Abstract : Classical measures of resilience cannot capture the emerging dynamics in spatially self‐organized, patterned systems, including transitions between patterned states that have limited impact on ecosystem structure and productivity. To complement these classical concepts, we present a framework of interlinked phase portraits that appropriately quantifies the resilience of patterned states, which depends on the number of patches, the distances between them and environmental conditions.