Altered vitamin A metabolism in human liver slices corresponds to fibrogenesis. Issue 3 (2nd February 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Czuba, Lindsay C.; Wu, Xia; Huang, Weize; Hollingshead, Nicole; Roberto, Jessica B.; Kenerson, Heidi L.; Yeung, Raymond S.; Crispe, Ian N.; Isoherranen, Nina
• Is Part Of: Clinical and translational science. Volume 14:Issue 3(2021)
• Page Start: 976
• Page End: 989
• Publication Date: 2021-02-02
• Subjects: Medicine, Experimental -- Periodicals; Medical innovations -- Periodicals; 616.027
• DOI: 10.1111/cts.12962
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1752-8054

Abstract

Abstract : Abstract: All ‐ trans ‐retinoic acid ( at RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has antifibrogenic properties in vitro and in animal models. Liver vitamin A homeostasis is maintained by cell‐specific enzymatic activities including storage in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), secretion into circulation from hepatocytes, and formation and clearance of at RA. During chronic liver injury, HSC activation is associated with a decrease in liver retinyl esters and retinol concentrations. at RA is synthesized through two enzymatic steps from retinol, but it is unknown if the loss of retinoid stores is associated with changes in at RA formation and which cell types contribute to the metabolic changes. The aim of this study was to determine if the vitamin A metabolic flux is perturbed in acute liver injury, and if changes in at RA concentrations are associated with HSC activation and collagen expression. At basal levels, HSC and Kupffer cells expressed key genes involved in vitamin A metabolism, whereas after acute liver injury, complex changes to the metabolic flux were observed in liver slices. These changes include a reproducible spike in at RA tissue concentrations, decreased retinyl ester and at RA formation rate, and time‐dependent changes to the expression of metabolizing enzymes. Kinetic simulations suggested that oxidoreductases are important in determining retinoid metabolic flux after liver injury. These early changes precede HSC activation and upregulation of profibrogenic gene expression, which were inversely correlated with at RA tissue concentrations, suggesting that HSC and Kupffer cells are key cells involved in changes to vitamin A metabolic flux and signaling after liver injury. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC? Vitamin A is metabolized in the liver for storage as retinyl esters in hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) or to all ‐ trans ‐retinoic acid ( at RA), an active metabolite with antifibrogenic properties. Following chronic liver injury, vitamin A metabolic flux is perturbed, and HSC activation leads to diminished retinoid stores. WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS? Do changes in the expression of vitamin A metabolizing enzymes explain changes in at RA concentrations and the regulation of fibrosis following acute liver injury? WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE? In healthy liver, both HSC and Kupffer cells may mediate vitamin A homeostasis. Following acute liver injury, complex changes in metabolizing enzyme expression/activity alter the metabolic flux of retinoids, resulting in a transient peak in at RA concentrations. The at RA concentrations are inversely correlated with profibrogenic gene expression, HSC activation, and collagen deposition. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE? Improved understanding of altered vitamin A metabolic flux in acute liver injury may provide insight into cell‐specific contributions to vitamin A loss and lead to novel interventions in liver fibrosis.