Caching territoriality and site preferences by a scatter‐hoarder drive the spatial pattern of seed dispersal and affect seedling emergence. (29th March 2021)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Caching territoriality and site preferences by a scatter‐hoarder drive the spatial pattern of seed dispersal and affect seedling emergence. (29th March 2021)
- Main Title:
- Caching territoriality and site preferences by a scatter‐hoarder drive the spatial pattern of seed dispersal and affect seedling emergence
- Authors:
- Martínez‐Baroja, Loreto
Pérez‐Camacho, Lorenzo
Villar‐Salvador, Pedro
Rebollo, Salvador
Leverkus, Alexandro B.
Pesendorfer, Mario B.
Molina‐Morales, Mercedes
Castro, Jorge
Rey‐Benayas, José María - Editors:
- Matlack, Glenn
- Abstract:
- Abstract: For plants with seeds dispersed by scatter‐hoarders, decision‐making by animals when caching determines the spatial pattern of seed dispersal and lays the initial template for recruitment, driving the regeneration of many plant species. However, the mechanism by which animal behaviour shapes seed distributions in spatially complex landscapes is not well understood. We investigated caching territoriality and site preferences to determine the spatial pattern of seed caching at different scales and whether scatter‐hoarding behaviour drives the spatial distribution of seedling emergence. We used radio‐tracking and automatic wildlife cameras to monitor holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) acorn caching by Eurasian magpies ( Pica pica ), who are effective scatter‐hoarders in agroforestry systems. We assessed the effect of caching territories, distance to seed source, habitat, sub‐habitat, microsites and caching material in the spatial pattern of acorn dispersal by magpies. In addition, we analysed the relationship between the density of cached acorns and of emerged seedlings in different habitats. Breeding magpies cached the acorns inside their caching territories, where they preferred tilled areas over oak plantations and mostly avoided old fields. These differences in habitat preference were maximized at relatively short to medium dispersal distances, where most acorns were cached, and decreased or disappeared at long distances. Within tree plantations, magpies preferred highAbstract: For plants with seeds dispersed by scatter‐hoarders, decision‐making by animals when caching determines the spatial pattern of seed dispersal and lays the initial template for recruitment, driving the regeneration of many plant species. However, the mechanism by which animal behaviour shapes seed distributions in spatially complex landscapes is not well understood. We investigated caching territoriality and site preferences to determine the spatial pattern of seed caching at different scales and whether scatter‐hoarding behaviour drives the spatial distribution of seedling emergence. We used radio‐tracking and automatic wildlife cameras to monitor holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) acorn caching by Eurasian magpies ( Pica pica ), who are effective scatter‐hoarders in agroforestry systems. We assessed the effect of caching territories, distance to seed source, habitat, sub‐habitat, microsites and caching material in the spatial pattern of acorn dispersal by magpies. In addition, we analysed the relationship between the density of cached acorns and of emerged seedlings in different habitats. Breeding magpies cached the acorns inside their caching territories, where they preferred tilled areas over oak plantations and mostly avoided old fields. These differences in habitat preference were maximized at relatively short to medium dispersal distances, where most acorns were cached, and decreased or disappeared at long distances. Within tree plantations, magpies preferred high plant‐productivity sites over low productivity ones. At the finest spatial scale, magpies preferred structures built by animals, such as rabbit grit mounds and latrines and ant litter mounds, to cache the acorns. In many sites, magpies selected uncommon materials such as stones and litter to cover caches. In the subsequent spring, seedling emergence was positively correlated with acorn cache density. Synthesis . Scatter‐hoarding is a hierarchical process in which caching sites are selected using different criteria at different spatial scales driven by territoriality and site preferences. Territoriality constrained dispersal distance and the habitats available for acorn caching. Magpie territoriality therefore indirectly drives oak seedling emergence and can determine oak recruitment and forest regeneration. Abstract : Acorn scatter‐hoarding is a hierarchical process in which caching sites are selected using different criteria at different spatial scales driven by territoriality and site preferences. Territoriality constrained dispersal distance and the habitats available for acorn caching. Magpie territoriality therefore indirectly drives oak seedling emergence and can determine oak recruitment and forest regeneration. Resumen: Para las plantas con semillas dispersadas por animales que hacen almacenes dispersos ( scatter‐hoarders ), la toma de decisiones de los animales cuando almacenan las semillas determina el patrón espacial de dispersión y la plantilla inicial del reclutamiento, lo que dirige la regeneración de muchas especies de plantas. Sin embargo, no se comprende bien el mecanismo por el cual el comportamiento animal da forma a la distribución de semillas en paisajes espacialmente complejos. En este estudio investigamos cómo la territorialidad para el almacenamiento de semillas y las preferencias espaciales del animal determinan el patrón espacial del almacenamiento de semillas a distintas escalas espaciales y si el comportamiento de realizar almacenes dispersos afecta a la densidad de plántulas emergidas. Monitoreamos el almacenamiento de bellotas de encina ( Quercus ilex ) por la urraca ( Pica pica ), un dispersor efectivo en sistemas agroforestales, mediante radio‐seguimiento y cámaras de fototrampeo. Evaluamos el efecto de los territorios de almacenamiento, la distancia a la fuente de semillas, el hábitat, el sub‐hábitat, el micrositio y el material de almacenamiento en el patrón espacial de la dispersión de bellotas. Además, se analizó la relación entre la densidad de bellotas almacenadas y la de las plántulas emergidas en los distintos hábitats. Las urracas reproductoras almacenaron las bellotas dentro de sus territorios de almacenamiento y prefirieron zonas abiertas aradas a plantaciones forestales de quercíneas, evitando generalmente el herbazal que rodea las plantaciones forestales. Estas diferencias en la preferencia por los distintos hábitats fueron máximas a distancias de dispersión relativamente cortas o medias, donde se almacenaron la mayor parte de las bellotas, y decrecieron o desaparecieron a distancias largas. Dentro de la plantación forestal, las urracas prefirieron los sub‐hábitats de mayor productividad vegetal para almacenar bellotas. A escala de micrositio, prefirieron las estructuras hechas por animales, como escarbaduras y letrinas de conejos y hormigueros. En muchos lugares las urracas seleccionaron los materiales menos abundantes como piedras y hojarasca para ocultar las bellotas. En la primavera siguiente la densidad de plántulas recién emergidas en los hábitats se correlacionó positivamente con la densidad de bellotas almacenadas. Síntesis . El proceso de toma de decisiones en el almacenamiento disperso de semillas es jerárquico dado que los lugares de almacenamiento se seleccionan a distintas escalas espaciales determinados por la territorialidad y las preferencias espaciales de almacenamiento. La territorialidad restringió la distancia de dispersión y la disponibilidad de hábitats y sub‐hábitats para el almacenamiento de bellotas. En consecuencia, la territorialidad de las urracas determina indirectamente la emergencia de plántulas y puede determinar el reclutamiento de quercíneas y la regeneración del bosque. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Journal of ecology. Volume 109:Number 6(2021)
- Journal:
- Journal of ecology
- Issue:
- Volume 109:Number 6(2021)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 109, Issue 6 (2021)
- Year:
- 2021
- Volume:
- 109
- Issue:
- 6
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2021-0109-0006-0000
- Page Start:
- 2342
- Page End:
- 2353
- Publication Date:
- 2021-03-29
- Subjects:
- caching preferences -- forest regeneration -- gene flow -- Pica pica -- Quercus ilex -- synzoochory
Plant ecology -- Periodicals
577.05 - Journal URLs:
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2745 ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1111/1365-2745.13642 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 0022-0477
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
- View Content:
- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
- Physical Locations:
- British Library DSC - 4972.000000
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- 17610.xml