Deep learning for defect characterization in composite laminates inspected by step-heating thermography. (October 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Marani, Roberto; Palumbo, Davide; Galietti, Umberto; D'Orazio, Tiziana
• Is Part Of: Optics and lasers in engineering. Volume 145(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-10
• Subjects: Deep learning -- Step-heating thermography -- Composite laminates -- Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer -- Thermal signal analysis -- Convolutional Neural Networks; Lasers in engineering -- Periodicals; Optical measurements -- Periodicals; Optics -- Periodicals; Lasers en ingénierie -- Périodiques; Mesures optiques -- Périodiques; Optique -- Périodiques; 621.36605
• DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2021.106679
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0143-8166

Abstract

Highlights: A deep neural network for processing output signals from step-heating thermography to detect defects deep into the composite structures is presented. Step-heating thermography enables a compact architecture of the deep network, without the need for feature fusion and similarity estimation. Only one-dimensional temperature signals are processed to avoid training bias due to the in-plane shape of the proposed examples. Convolutional filters are gained from experiments to reduce noise and to get the best feature representations without the need for transfer learning. Several durations of the input heat pulse are considered to determine the best conditions for effective inspections. Abstract: This paper presents a complete procedure for the non-destructive analysis of composite laminates, taking advantage of the step-heating infrared thermography and the latest developments of deep neural networks. One-dimensional temperature profiles of the target surface are collected in response to long heat pulses and individually feed a compact network made of convolutional filters, self-tuned to represent the signals in an equivalent feature space of improved discrimination. The resulting features are then classified to obtain the complete three-dimensional characterization of the properties of possible subsurface defects. Experimental validation is proposed to investigate a laminate of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer with several flat-bottom holes by changing the duration of the input heat pulses. This test produces surprisingly good results in the characterization of three classes of defects of increasing depth, including the most challenging at a depth of 6.38 mm, i.e. at the limit of applicability of the step-heating thermography. In the case of an excitation length of 180 s, the average balanced accuracy, precision, and recall are equal to 84.03%, 87.62%, and 82.43%, respectively. Moreover, a threshold operation on the classification scores further boosts the recall values of the class of the deepest defects from 53.87% to 82.41%. This enhancement of sensitivity suggests the applicability of the proposed procedure for the automatic inspection of composites structures in all application fields where safety is mandatory.