The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management. (June 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Yadav, A.K.; Verma, D.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, P.; Solanki, P.R.
• Is Part Of: Materials today chemistry. Volume 20(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-06
• Subjects: Diagnostics -- Electrochemical biosensors -- Pandemic -- Point-of-care -- SARS-CoV-2; Chemistry -- Periodicals; Materials -- Research -- Periodicals; Materials science -- Periodicals; Chemistry; Materials -- Research; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 660.282
• DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100443
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2468-5194

Abstract

Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 an international health emergency due to the severity of infection progression, which became more severe due to its continuous spread globally and the unavailability of appropriate therapy and diagnostics systems. Thus, there is a need for efficient devices to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage. Nowadays, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique is being applied for detecting this virus around the globe; however, factors such as stringent expertise, long diagnostic times, invasive and painful screening, and high costs have restricted the use of RT-PCR methods for rapid diagnostics. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, portable, sensitive, prompt and selective sensing systems to detect SARS-CoV-2 in biofluids at fM/pM/nM concentrations would be a breakthrough in diagnostics. Immunosensors that show increased specificity and sensitivity are considerably fast and do not imply costly reagents or instruments, reducing the cost for COVID-19 detection. The current developments in immunosensors perhaps signify the most significant opportunity for a rapid assay to detect COVID-19, without the need of highly skilled professionals and specialized tools to interpret results. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also be equipped with this immunosensing approach to investigate useful networking through database management, sharing, and analytics to prevent and manage COVID-19. Herein, we represent the collective concepts of biomarker-based immunosensors along with AI and IoMT as smart sensing strategies with bioinformatics approach to monitor non-invasive early stage SARS-CoV-2 development, with fast point-of-care (POC) diagnostics as the crucial goal. This approach should be implemented quickly and verified practicality for clinical samples before being set in the present times for mass-diagnostic research. Highlights: Conventional methods and need for POC devices for COVID-19 are discussed. State of the art techniques for COVID-19 detection and diagnosis are summarized. Immunological biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 are tabulated with their physiological and elevated levels in human serum. Applications of AI and IoMT on battle against COVID-19 are discussed. Future prospects of biomarker-based immunosensors along with AI and as a POC device are elaborated.