Longitudinal Analysis of the Associations between Antiretroviral Therapy, Viraemia and Immunosuppression with Lipid Levels: The D:A:D Study. Issue 6 (August 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kamara, David A; Smith, Colette; Ryom, Lene; Reiss, Peter; Rickenbach, Martin; Phillips, Andrew; Mocroft, Amanda; De Wit, Stephan; Law, Matthew; Monforte, Antonella d'Arminio; Dabis, Francois; Pradier, Christian; Lundgren, Jens D; Sabin, Caroline
• Is Part Of: Antiviral therapy. Volume 21:Issue 6(2016)
• Page Start: 495
• Page End: 506
• Publication Date: 2016-08
• Subjects: Antiviral agents -- Periodicals; Antiviral Agents -- therapeutic use; Virus Diseases -- therapy; Viruses -- drug effects; Antiviral agents; Periodical; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 616.9106
• DOI: 10.3851/IMP3051
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1359-6535

Abstract

Background: Antiretroviral (ART) drugs have been associated with higher triglycerides (TG), higher total cholesterol (TC) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Associations between lipid levels with HIV viraemia and immunosuppression in the presence of ART remain unclear. Methods: Participants from the D:A:D study with at least one TG/TC/HDL-C measurement were included. Linear mixed effect models were used to determine the association of ART, viral load (VL), nadir and current CD4 + T-cell count and previous AIDS diagnosis with lipids. Results: Of 49, 717 participants, 90%, 92% and 80% contributed at least one TG/TC/HDL-C measurement (median follow-up 6.8, 6.8 and 5.0 years, respectively). Predicted mean (95% CI) baseline levels for TG, TC and HDL-C (mmol/l), were 2.10 (2.05, 2.14), 4.94 (4.91, 4.98) and 1.08 (1.07, 1.10), respectively. Lopinavir was associated with the worst TG profile, (27.2% higher levels compared to atazanavir; 95% CI 25.2%, 29.2%), and darunavir had a similar profile as atazanavir. The nucleoside pair lamivudine/tenofovir was associated with the most favourable TG profile (-2.8%; -3.5%, -2.0%) compared with emtricitabine/tenofovir, whereas lamivudine/abacavir (+10.2%; +9.3%, +11.2%) and lamivudine/ stavudine (+8.0%; +6.9%, +9.0%), were associated with the worst. Raltegravir was associated with lower TG (-5.2%; -6.4%, -3.9%), and nevirapine had a more favourable HDL-C profile (+11.3%; +10.8%, +11.7%) than efavirenz (+5.3%; 5.0%, 5.7%), compared to atazanavir. Higher VLs were associated with lower TG/TC/HDL-C, whereas higher CD4 + T-cell counts were associated with higher TG/TC/HDL-C. Conclusions: TG, TC and HDL-C levels, which generally improved over time, are dependent on ART, viraemia and, to a lesser extent, immunosuppression.