Why Has the San Francisco System Survived? Historical and Theoretical Perspectives. Issue 1 (28th January 2020)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Why Has the San Francisco System Survived? Historical and Theoretical Perspectives. Issue 1 (28th January 2020)
- Main Title:
- Why Has the San Francisco System Survived? Historical and Theoretical Perspectives
- Authors:
- Tow, William T.
Hj Md Kasim, Md Zaidul Anwar - Abstract:
- Abstract : Despite persistent forecasts of its imminent demise, the U.S. network of bilateral alliances in the Indo‐Pacific—commonly known as the "San Francisco System"—remains operative and viable. Its perpetuation largely defies established international relations theory which maintains that the lack of a commonly perceived threat leads to alliance dissolution. These U.S. security ties in Asia have instead endured as part of a larger American enterprise to build and promote a liberal postwar order in the face of an existential challenge from the Soviet Union and a growing threat from the People's Republic of China. They have adapted to ongoing forces of regional structural change and are likely to continue doing so, even during Donald Trump's transactional presidency marked by an "America First" posture. A combination of geopolitical, economic, and institutional factors will preclude the San Francisco System's demise. That network in unlikely to become an "Asian NATO." Washington's management of its Indo‐Pacific alliances and partnerships, however, will become more complex and multifaceted in the years ahead, especially as Chinese regional power and influence grows. More fluid and diverse forms of network management such as selective minilateralism and the integration of threat response policy with order‐building strategy will underscore future U.S. alliance behavior in the region. Abstract : 为何旧金山体制得以存活?历史和理论视域: 尽管一直不断被预测会遭遇迫在眉睫的失败,Abstract : Despite persistent forecasts of its imminent demise, the U.S. network of bilateral alliances in the Indo‐Pacific—commonly known as the "San Francisco System"—remains operative and viable. Its perpetuation largely defies established international relations theory which maintains that the lack of a commonly perceived threat leads to alliance dissolution. These U.S. security ties in Asia have instead endured as part of a larger American enterprise to build and promote a liberal postwar order in the face of an existential challenge from the Soviet Union and a growing threat from the People's Republic of China. They have adapted to ongoing forces of regional structural change and are likely to continue doing so, even during Donald Trump's transactional presidency marked by an "America First" posture. A combination of geopolitical, economic, and institutional factors will preclude the San Francisco System's demise. That network in unlikely to become an "Asian NATO." Washington's management of its Indo‐Pacific alliances and partnerships, however, will become more complex and multifaceted in the years ahead, especially as Chinese regional power and influence grows. More fluid and diverse forms of network management such as selective minilateralism and the integration of threat response policy with order‐building strategy will underscore future U.S. alliance behavior in the region. Abstract : 为何旧金山体制得以存活?历史和理论视域: 尽管一直不断被预测会遭遇迫在眉睫的失败, 但美国在印度‐太平洋地区的双边联盟网络—通常被称为"旧金山体制"—依旧在发挥作用。它的持久性在很大程度上否定了现有的国际关系理论, 后者认为缺少一个共同的威胁会导致联盟解散。这些在亚洲的美国安全关系纽带反而以作为更大型美国事业的一部分的形式继续存在, 以期建立并推崇一个自由的战后秩序, 以面对苏联带来的生存挑战和中国方面逐渐扩大的威胁。这些安全纽带已经适应了地区架构转变中不断发展的势力, 且很与可能继续保持这种适应, 即使在唐纳德·特朗普的交易型总统任期(以"美国第一"姿态为标志)期间也是如此。地缘政治因素、经济因素和制度因素的结合将阻止旧金山体制的消失。该网络不太可能成为一个"亚洲的北约组织"。然而, 华盛顿方面对其在印度‐太平洋的联盟和伙伴关系的管理将在未来几年里变得更为复杂、更为多方面, 尤其当中国的地区强权和影响力不断增加。例如选择性的最小化多边主义这类更具流动性和多样性的网络管理形式, 以及用秩序建立战略整合威胁响应政策, 将强调未来美国联盟在该地区的行为。 Abstract : ¿POR QUÉ HA SOBREVIVIDO EL SISTEMA DE SAN FRANCISCO? PERSPECTIVAS HISTÓRICAS Y TEÓRICAS: A pesar de las persistentes previsiones de su inminente desaparición, la red estadounidense de alianzas bilaterales en el Indo‐Pacífico, comúnmente conocido como el "Sistema de San Francisco", sigue siendo operativa y viable. Su perpetuación desafía en gran medida la teoría establecida de las relaciones internacionales que sostiene que la falta de una amenaza comúnmente percibida conduce a la disolución de la alianza. En cambio, estos lazos de seguridad de Estados Unidos en Asia han perdurado como parte de una empresa estadounidense más grande para construir y promover un orden liberal de posguerra ante un desafío existencial de la Unión Soviética y una amenaza creciente de la República Popular de China. Se han adaptado a las fuerzas en curso del cambio estructural regional y es probable que continúen haciéndolo, incluso durante la presidencia transaccional de Donald Trump marcada por una postura de "Estados Unidos Primero". Una combinación de factores geopolíticos, económicos e institucionales impedirá la desaparición del sistema de San Francisco. Sin embargo, es poco probable que esa red se convierta en una "OTAN asiática". La gestión de Washington de sus alianzas y asociaciones del Indo‐Pacífico se volverá más compleja y multifacética en los próximos años, especialmente a medida que crezca el poder y la influencia regional china. Las formas más fluidas y diversas de gestión de redes, como el minilateralismo selectivo y la integración de la política de respuesta a las amenazas con la estrategia de creación de orden, subrayarán el comportamiento de las futuras alianzas de Estados Unidos en la región. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Asian politics & policy. Volume 12:Issue 1(2020)
- Journal:
- Asian politics & policy
- Issue:
- Volume 12:Issue 1(2020)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 12, Issue 1 (2020)
- Year:
- 2020
- Volume:
- 12
- Issue:
- 1
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2020-0012-0001-0000
- Page Start:
- 8
- Page End:
- 26
- Publication Date:
- 2020-01-28
- Subjects:
- alliance adaptability -- alliance mutuality -- "complex patchworks, " -- expansive bilateralism -- "powerplay"
联盟适应性 -- 联盟互助性 -- 复杂拼凑 (complex patchworks) -- 扩张式双边主义 -- 强权博弈
adaptabilidad de la alianza -- mutualidad de la alianza -- "mosaicos complejos" -- bilateralismo expansivo -- "juego de poder"
Asia -- Politics and government -- Periodicals
Asia -- Relations -- Periodicals
Asia -- Social conditions -- Periodicals
320.95 - Journal URLs:
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1943-0787 ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122351904/home ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1111/aspp.12515 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 1943-0779
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
- View Content:
- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
- Physical Locations:
- British Library DSC - 1742.717500
British Library DSC - BLDSS-3PM
British Library HMNTS - ELD Digital store - Ingest File:
- 17063.xml