Human and environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Africa: A review. (May 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ssebugere, Patrick; Sillanpää, Mika; Matovu, Henry; Mubiru, Edward
• Is Part Of: Chemosphere. Volume 223(2019)
• Page Start: 483
• Page End: 493
• Publication Date: 2019-05
• Subjects: PCDD/Fs -- Dioxin-like PCBs -- Toxic equivalents -- Sources -- Africa -- Review; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Physiological effect -- Periodicals; Environmental sciences -- Periodicals; Atmospheric chemistry -- Periodicals; 551.511
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.065
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0045-6535

Abstract

Abstract: This paper reviews literature for the last two decades with emphasis on levels, toxic equivalencies and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in Africa. Further, we comprehensively analysed data, interpret differences and identify existing gaps with those from other continents. We observed that high levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were reported in environmental and biological samples near densely populated urban and industrialised areas compared to those in rural settings. In general, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in the blood samples from Africa were in the same range as those from Asia but lower than those from Europe. The concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the atmosphere in Africa were comparable to and/or higher than those in developed countries. The reported sources of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in Africa were industrial emissions, obsolete pesticide stockpiles, household heating, recycling of electronic waste, and incineration and combustion of domestic waste. Regional and intercontinental transport of dioxins could not be confirmed because of the lack of sufficient literature on them. Further data about the levels and sources of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in Africa need to be generated to complete the chemical inventories for the continent and to facilitate the implementation of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. The reviewed literature shows that most analyses have been carried out in laboratories outside Africa because of the limited institutional capacity in Africa. More support needs to be given to laboratories in Africa to develop the capacity to accurately quantify dioxins on routine basis. Highlights: PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were detectable in human and environmental samples from Africa. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were high in industrialised and urban centres. PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in the blood samples from Africa were lower than those from Europe. OCDD, OCDF and CB 77 were major contributors to the ∑TEQs in the majority of samples. Major sources of dioxins were emissions from industries and uncontrolled combustion.