Oxyfunctionalized turpentine: Evaluation of properties as automotive fuel. (December 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ballesteros, Rosario; García, Duban; Bustamante, Felipe; Alarcón, Edwin; Lapuerta, Magín
• Is Part Of: Renewable energy. Volume 162(2021)
• Page Start: 2210
• Page End: 2219
• Publication Date: 2020-12
• Subjects: Turpentine -- Oxyturpentine -- Nopol -- α-terpineol -- Diesel -- Biodiesel -- Fuel properties; Renewable energy sources -- Periodicals; Power resources -- Periodicals; Énergies renouvelables -- Périodiques; Ressources énergétiques -- Périodiques; 333.794
• DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.026
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0960-1481

Abstract

Abstract: Turpentine from pine trees or from Kraft pulping is a complex mixture of monoterpenes, such as: α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene and myrcene. In this work, β-pinene was reacted with paraformaldehyde to synthesize an oxyfunctionalized turpentine (oxyturpentine) composed mainly by α-pinene, nopol and α-terpineol. This oxyturpentine can be a novel biofuel as far as its properties meet the criteria required by automotive fuel regulations. Binary mixtures of oxyturpentine with a diesel fuel (with no oxygen content) and with a conventional biodiesel have been experimentally characterized following the standard methods for each property (density, kinematic viscosity, lubricity, heating value, volatility, etc.) and the results obtained are critically compared using the limit values of European standards as a reference. Results show that the oxyfunctionalization of turpentine improves some relevant properties for fuel applications, such as lubricity, volatility and sooting tendency (wear scar was reduced around 40% and smoke point was increased more than 300%). With respect to other oxygenated compounds used in fuels blends, such as alcohols and esters, oxyturpentine can reduce the problems of high volatility and low viscosity and lubricity of the former ones and the cold behavior of the latter ones, indicating its suitability as a component of diesel fuels. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Sooting tendency of diesel fuel is notably reduced with oxyturpentine addition. Reductions in heating value per unit mass are compensated by higher densities. Cold flow properties are improved upon oxyturpentine blending up to 20%. Low oxyturpentine contents improve diesel fuel lubricity. Diesel/oxyturpentine blends up to 20% vol. Meet standard EN 590.