Long-term exposure to particulate matter and residential greenness in relation to androgen and progesterone levels among rural Chinese adults. (August 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Wei, Dandan; Li, Shanshan; Liu, Xue; Zhang, Li; Liu, Pengling; Fan, Keliang; Nie, Luting; Wang, Lulu; Liu, Xiaotian; Hou, Jian; Huo, Wenqian; Yu, Songcheng; Li, Linlin; Jing, Tao; Li, Xing; Li, Wenjie; Guo, Yuming; Wang, Chongjian; Mao, Zhenxing
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 153(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-08
• Subjects: PM particulate matter -- PM1 particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0μm -- PM2.5 particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5μm -- PM10 particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10μm -- NOx nitrogen oxides -- HPG hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal -- PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- BMI body mass index -- T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus -- FFQ food frequency questionnaire -- BP blood pressure -- FPG fasting plasma glucose -- TC total cholesterol -- TG triglyceride -- HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol -- LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol -- LOD (limit of detection) -- RMSE root mean squared prediction error -- NDVI normalized difference vegetation index -- 95%CI 95% confidence interval -- SD standard deviation -- 3β-HSD 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase -- StAR steroidogenic acute regulatory -- HPA hypothalamus-pituitary axis; Particulate matter -- Residential greenness -- Androgen -- Progesterone; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106483
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Highlights: Long-term exposure to PM was associated with serum testosterone and progesterone. Greenness was positively associated with serum testosterone and progesterone. Associations of greenness with testosterone and progesterone were modified by PM. Abstract: Background: Population-based studies on the associations of long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) with androgen and progesterone are still scant. Residential greenness is benefits health by promoting physical activity, reducing air pollution, and improving mental health, but it remains unclear whether it is related to androgen and progesterone levels among humans. Aims: This study aimed to explore the individual and interactive effects of PM and residential greenness on serum testosterone and progesterone levels among rural Chinese adults. Methods: A total of 6017 subjects were recruited from the baseline of the Henan Rural Cohort Study in 2016. Serum testosterone and progesterone were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Particulate matters (PM) (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 ) were assessed by machine learning algorithms. Residential greenness was assessed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within 500-m, 1000-m, and 3000-m buffers around participants' residences. The effects of air pollutants and residential greenness and their interaction on serum testosterone and progesterone levels were assessed using linear mixed-effects models with township as a random intercept. Results: After adjusting for potential confounding factors, a 1 μg/m 3 increase in PM2.5 or PM10 was associated with a 0.037 or 0.030 ng/ml increase in serum testosterone, respectively, in females and with a 0.111 or 0.182 ng/ml decrease in serum progesterone, respectively, in males. A 1 μg/m 3 increase in PM1, PM2.5 or PM10 was associated with a 0.222, 0.306, or 0.295 ng/ml decrease in serum progesterone, respectively, among females. Moreover, a 0.1-unit increase in NDVI was associated with a 0.310 ng/ml increase in serum testosterone and a 0.170 ng/ml increased in serum progesterone in males, as well as with a 0.143 ng/ml increase in serum progesterone in females. Interaction effects of PM and residential greenness on serum testosterone and progesterone levels were observed, indicating that the effects of residential greenness on serum testosterone and progesterone were modified by high levels of PM. In addition, physical activity significantly mediated 2.92% of the estimated association between greenness and testosterone levels. Conclusions: Our study suggested that long-term exposure to PM was positively associated with serum testosterone in males but negatively associated with progesterone levels in both genderssin. In addition, positive associations of residential greenness with serum testosterone and progesterone levels were observed, but they were modified by high levels of PM. Furthermore, the estimated effects of residential greenness on testosterone levels were partly mediated by physical activity.