Reproductive toxic potential of phthalate compounds – State of art review. (May 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sedha, Sapna; Lee, Hoomin; Singh, Siddhartha; Kumar, Sunil; Jain, Subodh; Ahmad, Ajaz; Bin Jardan, Yousef A.; Sonwal, Sonam; Shukla, Shruti; Simal-Gandara, Jesus; Xiao, Jianbo; Huh, Yun Suk; Han, Young-Kyu; Bajpai, Vivek K.
• Is Part Of: Pharmacological research. Volume 167(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-05
• Subjects: 17α-OHase 17α-hydroxylase -- AF amniotic fluid -- AGD anogenital distance -- AR androgen receptor -- BBP butyl benzyl phthalate -- CAP cellulose acetate phthalate -- CPP central precocious puberty -- DAP di-alkyl phthalate -- DBP dibutyl phthalate -- DEHP di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate -- DEP diethyl phthalate -- DIBP di-isobutyl phthalate -- DIDP di-isodocyl phthalate -- DIHP di-isoheptyl phthalate -- DINP di-isononyl phthalate -- DMEP di-methylethyl phthalate -- DMP dimethyl phthalate -- DNP di-nonyl phthalate -- DPP di-pentyl phthalate -- Eds endocrine disruptors -- ER estrogen receptor -- FDA Food and drug administration -- FLCs fetal leydig cells -- GD gestation day -- GnRH gonadotrophin releasing hormone -- GPR G protein-coupled receptor -- GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase -- Insl-3 insulin-like 3 -- KiSS-1 kisspeptin-1 -- LBW low birth weight -- MBP mono-n-butyl phthalate -- MCIOP mono (carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate -- MEHP mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate -- MHINP mono (hydroxy-isononyl) phthalate -- MiBP mono-isobutyl phthalate -- MINP mono-isononyl phthalate -- MINP-G mono-isononyl phthalate glucuronide -- MOINP mono (oxo-isononyl) phthalate -- NOAEL No observable adverse effect level -- PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome -- PND postnatal day -- PNW postnatal week -- PPARα peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors -- PT premature thelarche -- PVAP polyvinyl acetate phthalate -- ROS reactive oxygen species -- SCC side chain cleavage enzyme -- SOD superoxide dismutase -- AtAR steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; Phthalates -- Reproductive toxicity -- Developmental toxicity -- Epidemiology; Pharmacology -- Periodicals; Pharmacology -- Periodicals; Research -- Periodicals; Médicaments -- Recherche -- Périodiques; Pharmacologie -- Périodiques; 615.105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105536
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1043-6618

Abstract

Abstract: Phthalates are pervasive compounds, and due to the ubiquitous usage of phthalates, humans or even children are widely exposed to them. Since phthalates are not chemically bound to the plastic matrix, they can easily leach out to contaminate the peripheral environment. Various animal and human studies have raised vital health concern including developmental and reproductive toxicity of phthalate exposure. The present review is based upon the available literature on phthalates with respect to their reproductive toxic potential. Common reproductive effects such as declined fertility, reduced testis weight, variations in accessory sex organs and several female reproductive disorders appeared to be largely associated with the transitional phthalates. Among the higher molecular weight phthalates (≥ C7), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) produces some minor effects on development of male reproductive tract and among low molecular weight phthalates (≤C3), di-methyl (DMP) and di-isobutyl (DIBP) phthalate produce some adverse effects on male reproductive system. Whereas transitional phthalates such as di-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate have shown adverse effects on female reproductive system. Owing to these, non-toxic alternatives to phthalates may be developed and use of phthalates could be rationalized as an important issue where human reproduction system is involved. Though, more epidemiological studies are needed to substantiate the reported findings on phthalates. Graphical Abstract: ga1 Highlights: Phthalates exhibit reproductive toxicity in male and femalereproductive organs. Phthalates express embryonic toxicity. Phthalates induce oxidative stress in male and female reproductive organs. Phthalates induce apoptosis in testicular cells. Phthalates cause DNA damage.