Three way ANOVA for emulsion of carotenoids extracted in flaxseed oil from carrot bio-waste. (15th February 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Tiwari, Swati; Upadhyay, Neelam; Malhotra, Ravinder
• Is Part Of: Waste management. Volume 121(2021)
• Page Start: 67
• Page End: 76
• Publication Date: 2021-02-15
• Subjects: Green extraction -- Carrot pomace -- Flaxseed oil -- Natural emulsifier -- Nano-emulsion -- Encapsulation efficiency; ABTS 2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6sulfonic acid -- ANOVA Analysis of Variance -- CREm optimized emulsion -- CREx carotenoid-rich extract -- DPPH 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl -- FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant power assay -- g gram -- HSD high shear dispersion -- kDa kilodalton -- min minute -- ml milliliter -- nm nanometer -- mV millivolt -- Pa·s Pascal second -- rpm revolutions per minute -- s second -- SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy -- SEMgr Scanning Electron Micrograph -- TCC total carotenoid content -- TPTZ 2, 4, 6-Tris (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine -- TEAC trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity -- TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy -- v/v volume by volume -- WPs whey proteins -- WPC whey protein concentrates -- WPI whey protein isolate -- 1k 1000 -- 1O2 singlet oxygen -- % per cent -- μM micromolar; Hazardous wastes -- Periodicals; Refuse and refuse disposal -- Periodicals; 363.728
• DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.037
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0956-053X

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: Emulsion based delivery system was optimized with WPC80 & lactose. Core (35%) had carotenoids extracted from carrot pomace in flaxseed oil. 3 3 factorial experiment and 3-way ANOVA were robust tools for optimization. Encapsulation efficiency of CREm was 92.745 ± 0.384%. Microstructure revealed spherical emulsion with intact coat & no fissures/cracks. Abstract: The juice expelled from carrot, a globally produced root vegetable, leaves behind carrot pomace (a bio- and horticultural waste) which is potentially rich source of micro-nutrients and carotenoids. However, it is discarded as waste or used as animal feed. It holds potential to be channelized to food chain by a couple of technological interventions. In this regard, present work was aimed at preparing stable emulsion based delivery system for 'green' carotenoids extracted from carrot-pomace in flaxseed oil (a green solvent), and at maximizing the amount of core material so that the resultant emulsion can potentially be used as a source of both carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acid of flaxseed oil origin. The study used natural emulsifier. Preparation of oil-in-water emulsion was optimized using 3 3 factorial experiment by varying levels of extract containing carotenoid (30–40%), whey protein concentrates (WPC-80) and lactose. The optimized emulsion (CREm) was selected on the basis of particle size, zeta potential, color values (L*, a*, b*) and viscosity statistically analyzed via three-way ANOVA using Proc GLM of SAS 9.3 (described in detail in this paper); the respective values of these parameters being 120.03 ± 8.20 nm, −16.57 ± 0.49 mV, 75.11 ± 0.04, 9.66 ± 0.32, 50.29 ± 0.62, and 0.124 ± 0.0115 Pa.s for CREm. CREm contained 35% flaxseed oil, 10% WPC-80 and 5% lactose and showed good centrifugal and gravitational stability (15 days). It was analyzed for total carotenoid content, antioxidant activities (ABTS (2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6sulfonic acid), DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay)) and microstructure.