Abundances and concentrations of brominated azo dyes detected in indoor dust. (September 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Dhungana, Birendra; Peng, Hui; Kutarna, Steven; Umbuzeiro, Gisela; Shrestha, Sujan; Liu, Jing; Jones, Paul D.; Subedi, Bikram; Giesy, John P.; Cobb, George P.
• Is Part Of: Environmental pollution. Volume 252(2019):Part A
• Page Start: 784
• Page End: 793
• Publication Date: 2019-09
• Subjects: House dust -- Brominated compounds -- Flame retardants -- Mutagenic -- High-resolution mass spectrometry; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Environmental Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Effets physiologiques -- Périodiques; Pollution; Pollution -- Environmental aspects; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 363.73
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.153
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0269-7491

Abstract

Abstract: Dust samples were collected from four indoor environments, including childcare facilities, houses, hair salons, and a research facility from the USA and were analyzed for brominated compounds using full scan liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 240 brominated compounds were detected in these dust samples, and elemental formulas were predicted for 120 more abundant ions. In addition to commonly detected brominated flame retardants (BFRs), nitrogen-containing brominated azo dyes (BADs) were among the most frequently detected and abundant. Specifically, greater abundances of BADs were detected in indoor dusts from daycares and salons compared to houses and the research facility. Using authentic standards, a quantitative method was established for two BADs (DB373: Disperse Blue 373 and DV93: Disperse Violet 93) and 2-bromo-4, 6-dinitroaniline, a commonly used precursor in azo dye production, in indoor dust. Generally, greater concentrations of DB373 (≤3850 ng/g) and DV93 (≤1190 ng/g) were observed in indoor dust from daycares highlighting children as a susceptible population to potential health risk from exposure to BADs. These data are important because, to date, targeted analysis of brominated compounds in indoor environments has focused mainly on BFRs and appears to underestimate the total amount of brominated compounds. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Brominated azo dyes (BADs) were detected at relatively greater abundances than brominated fire retardants in indoor dusts from across USA. BAD concentrations were determined, for the first time, in indoor dusts with maximum concentration of Disperse Blue, 3850 ng/g. BAD concentrations in indoor dust from childcare were greater than in indoor dusts from houses, salons and a research facility. Estimated BADs ingestion via dust was as much as 10-fold greater for infants compared to other age groups. Abstract : Brominated azo dyes were detected at biologically significant concentrations in indoor dust using liquid chromatography ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry.