The Norwegian biomonitoring study from the EU project EuroMix: Levels of phenols and phthalates in 24-hour urine samples and exposure sources from food and personal care products. (November 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Husøy, T.; Andreassen, M.; Hjertholm, H.; Carlsen, M.H.; Norberg, N.; Sprong, C.; Papadopoulou, E.; Sakhi, A.K.; Sabaredzovic, A.; Dirven, H.A.A.M.
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 132(2019)
• Publication Date: 2019-11
• Subjects: BBzP butyl benzyl phthalate -- BM biomonitoring -- BMI body mass index -- BPs bisphenols -- BPA bisphenol A -- BPAF bisphenol AF -- BPB bisphenol B -- BPF bisphenol F -- BPS bisphenol S -- BUPA butylparaben -- cx-MiNP mono-4-methyl-7-carboxyoctyl phthalate -- DEHP di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate -- DEP diethyl phthalate -- DiBP di-iso-butyl phthalate -- DINCH 1, 2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester -- DiNP di-iso-nonyl phthalate -- DnBP di-n-butyl phthalate -- DPHP di(2-propyl heptyl) phthalate -- ETPA ethyl paraben -- GM geometrical means -- HDPE high-density polyethylene -- IQR interquartile range -- KBS food and nutrient calculation system -- LDPE low-density polyethylene -- LOD limits of detection -- LOQ limit of quantification -- NIPH Norwegian Institute of Public Health -- FFQ food frequency questionnaire -- MBzP monobenzyl phthalate -- MEHHP mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate -- MEHP mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate -- MEOHP mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate -- MEP monoethyl phthalate -- MEPA methyl paraben -- MiBP mono-iso-butyl phthalate -- MnBP mono-n-butyl phthalate -- MMCHP mono-2-carboxymethyl hexyl phthalate -- MoBa Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study -- oh-MINCH 2-(((Hydroxy-4-methyloctyl)oxy)carbonyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid -- oh-MiNP mono-4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl phthalate -- MLR multivariable linear regression -- oh-MPHP 6-hydroxy monopropylheptylphthalate -- oxo-MINCH 2-(((4-methyl-7-oxyooctyl)oxy)carbonyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid -- oxo-MiNP mono-4-methyl-7-oxooctyl phthalate -- OXBE oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 -- PBs parabens -- PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells -- PBPK physiologically based pharmacokinetic -- PBTK physiologically based toxicokinetic -- PCPs personal care products -- PP polypropylene -- PRPA propyl paraben -- PS polystyrene -- SG specific gravity -- SPE solid phase extraction -- TCS triclosan -- TCC triclocarban -- TP thermal paper -- UPLC ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; Contaminants -- Chemicals -- Phenols -- Phthalate -- Bisphenol -- Paraben -- Biomonitoring -- Food -- Personal care products -- 24-hour urine; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105103
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Exposure to multiple chemicals occurs daily through several routes; diet, inhalation and dermal contact. Real-life exposure assessment is needed to understand the risk. Therefore, a human biomonitoring (BM) study was performed to examine the plausibility of source-to-dose calculations for chemical mixtures in the Horizon 2020 EuroMix project. Objectives: To provide a detailed description of the design of the EuroMix BM study, and to present the initial results for urinary phenols and phthalates and to describe their exposure determinants from foods and personal care products (PCPs). Method: Adults (44 males and 100 females) kept detailed diaries on their food consumption, PCP use and handling of cash receipts. Urine samples were collected over the same 24-hour period. Urinary levels of four parabens, five bisphenols, oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (OXBE), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) and metabolites of eight phthalates and 1, 2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regressions were performed between PCPs/food categories and each dependent chemical variable separately, and were only sex-stratified when an interactions between sex and the independent variable was significant. Results: The detection rate for the metabolites of phthalates and DINCH, and bisphenol A (BPA) and TCS in urine was 88–100%, while bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) were only found in 29% and 4% of the urine samples, respectively. Bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol AF (BPAF) and TCC were not detected. Food groups associated with phenol exposure were meat, bread, beverages and butter and oil. Food determinants for phthalate exposure were sweets, butter and oil, fruit and berries and other foods. The only positive association between the use of PCPs and phenols was found between BPA and lip gloss/balm. Phthalate exposure was associated with the use of shower gel, hand cream (females), toothpaste, anti-wrinkle cream (females) and shaving products (males). Conclusion: The participants in the EuroMix BM study were exposed to a mixture of phenols and phthalates. A variety of food categories and PCPs were found to be possible sources of these chemicals. This indicates a complex pattern of exposure to numerous chemicals from multiple sources, depending on individual diet and PCP preferences. Highlights: Nearly all 24-hour urinary samples contained phthalates, bisphenol A and triclosan. Foods associated with exposure to phenols were meat, bread, beverages and butter and oil. Foods associated with exposure to phthalates were sweets, butter and oil, fruit and berries and various foods. Phthalate exposure was associated with the use of shower gel, hand cream, toothpaste, anti-wrinkle cream and shaving products.