Astrocytes and microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from human in vitro models. (May 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Franklin, Hannah; Clarke, Benjamin E.; Patani, Rickie
• Is Part Of: Progress in neurobiology. Volume 200(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-05
• Subjects: Aβ Amyloid-β -- AD Alzheimer's disease -- APOE Apolipoprotein E -- APP Amyloid precursor protein -- BMPs Bone morphogenetic proteins -- ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- C9ORF72 Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 -- CCL2 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 -- CNS central nervous system -- CNTF Ciliary neurotrophic factor -- EGF Epidermal growth factor -- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting -- FGF Fibroblast growth factor -- FTD Frontotemporal dementia -- GBA1 Glucocerebrosidase beta enzyme 1 -- GD Gaucher disease -- HD Huntington's disease -- HTT Huntingtin -- IFN-γ Interferon gamma -- GM-CSF Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor -- hiPSCs human induced pluripotent stem cells -- JAK-STAT Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription -- LIF Leukemia inhibitory factor -- LPS lipopolysaccharide -- LRRK2 Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 -- M-CSF Macrophage colony stimulating factor -- NFIA Nuclear factor 1 A-type -- NGF-β Nerve growth factor -- NPCs neural progenitor cells -- PD Parkinson's disease -- sALS sporadic ALS -- SOD1 Superoxide dismutase 1 -- SOX9 SRY-box 9 -- TDP-43 TAR DNA-binding protein 43 -- TGF-β Transforming growth factor beta -- TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha -- TREM2 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 -- VCP Valosin-containing protein; Astrocyte -- Microglia -- Neurodegenerative disease -- Human iPSC -- In vitro; Neurobiology -- Periodicals; Neurology -- Periodicals; Neurology -- Periodicals; Neurobiologie -- Périodiques; 612.8
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101973
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0301-0082

Abstract

Highlights: Astrocytes and microglia key fulfil homeostatic and immune functions in the CNS. Dysfunction of these cell types is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding cellular autonomy and early pathogenic changes is a key goal. New human iPSC models will inform on disease mechanisms and therapy development. Abstract: Both astrocytes and microglia fulfil homeostatic and immune functions in the healthy CNS. Dysfunction of these cell types have been implicated in the pathomechanisms of several neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the cellular autonomy and early pathological changes in these cell types may inform drug screening and therapy development. While animal models and post-mortem tissue have been invaluable in understanding disease processes, the advent of human in vitro models provides a unique insight into disease biology as a manipulable model system obtained directly from patients. Here, we discuss the different human in vitro models of astrocytes and microglia and outline the phenotypes that have been recapitulated in these systems.