Case series of fluoroscopic findings and 3D reconstruction of human spinal MRIs of the space of Okada. Issue 3 (21st September 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Reina, Miguel A.; Avellanal, Martín; Boezaart, André P.; Tubbs, R. Shane; De Andrés, José; Nin, Olga C.; Prats‐Galino, Alberto
• Is Part Of: Clinical anatomy. Volume 34:Issue 3(2021)
• Page Start: 451
• Page End: 460
• Publication Date: 2020-09-21
• Subjects: 3D reconstruction -- epidural block -- facet block -- MRI -- radiculopathy -- space of Okada -- transforaminal block; Anatomy -- Periodicals; Anatomy -- Periodicals; 611
• DOI: 10.1002/ca.23674
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0897-3806

Abstract

Abstract: Objective: To better understand the unexpected spread of contrast medium observed by conventional fluoroscopic X‐ray images during standard neuraxial techniques used in the treatment of pain. The support of 3D reconstruction of MRI images of structures within the lumbar spine was used to better understand the space of Okada. Methods: Lumbar facet joint and epidural corticosteroid injections in five patients under fluoroscopic guidance with loss of resistance to air or saline to identify the facet joints or epidural space. Next, in a retrospective study, the authors examined the retrodural space of Okada and the neighboring tissues with 3D reconstruction of spinal MRIs of seven patients without any demonstrable spinal pathology to better understand the characteristics of the space of Okada. Results: Contrast medium spread to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides was observed in five patients. The contralateral spread was thought to be through the retrodural space of Okada, which is a potential space between the anterior surface of the vertebral lamina and the posterior surface of the ligamentum flavum. It facilitates communication between the contralateral articular facet joints of the spine. Conclusions: This study provides new evidence for the existence of the space of Okada where an unexpected contralateral spread occurred following facet joint and attempted epidural injection. The 3D reconstructions of MRIs may help us better understand the nature of the retrodural space of Okada and its clinical implications.