Occurrence, seasonal variations, and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in River Ganges at two holy cities of India. (April 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Singh, Vineet; Suthar, Surindra
• Is Part Of: Chemosphere. Volume 268(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-04
• Subjects: Emerging pollutants -- Antibiotics -- Wastewater treatment -- Personal care products -- Pharmaceuticals -- Fate -- Sewage sludge; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Physiological effect -- Periodicals; Environmental sciences -- Periodicals; Atmospheric chemistry -- Periodicals; 551.511
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129331
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0045-6535

Abstract

Abstract: Occurrence of 15 different pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (ibuprofen, diclofenac, ketoprofen, acetaminophen, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, ofloxacin, tetracycline, metoprolol, triclosan, salicylic acid, N, N diethyl- meta -toluamide, caffeine and β-Estradiol) belongs to eight different classes in an urban stretch of River Ganges were detected for three seasons in two holy cities Rishikesh and Haridwar (India). The overall concentration of PPCPs in the River Ganges ranged between Below Detectable Limit (BDL) to 1104.84 ng/L, with higher concentrations at anthropogenically influenced lower reaches of the River Ganges at Haridwar . Acetaminophen, triclosan, N, N diethyl- meta -toluamide (DEET), tetracycline, and caffeine showed the highest detection frequency (>90–100%) in the river. PPCPs concentration, especially for NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, ketoprofen and acetaminophen), antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and ofloxacin) and metabolite (salicylic acid) was found to be higher in winter compared to summer in the Ganges, possibly due to the lower biodegradation efficiency related to lesser temperatures and inadequate sunlight. While metoprolol (beta-blockers), triclosan (antibacterial), DEET (insect repellent) and caffeine (human indicator) showed a higher load in summer, possibly due to their intense uses during this period. Results of risk quiescent ( RQ ) revealed higher ecological risk for algae while the moderate risk for river fish biota. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: 15 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were detected in River Ganges during different seasons. Acetaminophen, triclosan, tetracycline, and caffeine were the most abundant compounds. Mass bathing, urban runoff and effluent from sewage treatment could be a source of PPCPs. Risk quotient for triclosan suggested ecological threat to fish biota in the Ganges.