Validation of pressurized fractionated filtration microplastic sampling in controlled test environment. (1st February 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bordós, Gábor; Gergely, Szilveszter; Háhn, Judit; Palotai, Zoltán; Szabó, Éva; Besenyő, Gabriella; Salgó, András; Harkai, Péter; Kriszt, Balázs; Szoboszlay, Sándor
• Is Part Of: Water research. Volume 189(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-02-01
• Subjects: Microplastic -- Water sampling -- Validation -- Recovery -- Near-infrared spectroscopy -- Sampling device; Water -- Pollution -- Research -- Periodicals; 363.7394
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116572
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0043-1354

Abstract

Highlights: During the test different turbulance conditions and sampling depth were applied. Environmentally relevant concentrations and shapes of microplastics were used. Recovery was measured on multiple points of the whole sampling process. Surface sampling showed the highest recovery of microplastics. Gap between measurable MP values and real environmental concentration was shown. Abstract: In the field of microplastic (MP) research in the environment, a significant amount of the currently reported results is uncertain because of the inappropriate methods of sampling, detection and quantification of MPs. Fortunately, many research groups are aware of these challenges, but validated methods, which are the prerequisite of standardized measurements, are scarce. Recovery tests are especially rare in the field of MP sampling. The aim of our research was to take a step forward and collect data on cascade filtration recoveries by modeling different turbulance conditions and sampling depth applying environmentally relevant MP concentrations while obtaining large sample volumes. As reference materials, different polymer types (polyethylene – PE; polypropylene – PP; poly[ethylene terephthalate] – PET; poly[vinyl chloride] – PVC; polyamide – PA) and shapes (sphere, fragment, fiber) were used, and for detection near-infrared spectroscopy/microscopy was applied. The developed method provides information not only on system based MP losses, but on sampling efficiency in a model environment as well. Based on the results, the highest recovery rate of all polymers was 31.4% on average, sampled from the water surface during continuous stirring. In these conditions, 92.4% of the PE spheres and 31.9% of the PE fragments were recovered. This indicates, particles reported in environmental monitoring studies might be less than the real environmental concentration. We can conclude, that surface sampling is more efficient than sampling in a deeper layer of the water column. Our research revealed, that the widespread application of microspheres as reference materials might lead to too optimistic recovery values. The application of reference particles (fragments, fibers) with higher environmental relevance shows much lower recovery rates. Our results highlight, that validating the efficiency of the whole sampling process from the environment is more important than measuring only the filtration device's recovery. This study helps us to better understand the relationship and the possible gaps between the reported MP results and the real-life concentrations in the environment. Graphical abstract: Image, graphical abstract