Removal behaviour of NSAIDs from wastewater using a P-functionalised microporous carbon. (February 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Pap, Sabolc; Taggart, Mark A.; Shearer, Lisa; Li, Yuan; Radovic, Sanja; Turk Sekulic, Maja
• Is Part Of: Chemosphere. Volume 264(2021)Part 1
• Publication Date: 2021-02
• Subjects: Tailored surface chemistry -- XPS analysis -- Economic viability -- Wastewater treatment -- Pharmaceutical removal; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Physiological effect -- Periodicals; Environmental sciences -- Periodicals; Atmospheric chemistry -- Periodicals; 551.511
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128439
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0045-6535

Abstract

Abstract: Diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX) and ibuprofen (IBF) are three of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) worldwide. They are widely detected in natural waters due to their persistence in wastewater treatment, and their removal is desirable in future wastewater management worldwide. In this study, "acid catalyst" functionalisation and subsequent carbonisation were adopted to synthesise a P-doped microporous carbonous adsorbent (CScPA) for NSAID removal. The CScPA was evaluated in depth for its adsorption performance (i.e., isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption at lab-scale). The CScPA had a large surface area (791.1 m 2 /g) and good porosity (0.392 cm 3 /g), which facilitated a high maximum adsorption capacity of 62.02 mg/g for a NSAID mixture. Thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption of these NSAIDs was an endothermic process determined by physisorption (low-energy interactions). XPS analysis revealed the specific interactions involved in the adsorption process, including π-π and n-π electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions and hydrogen (H-) bonding. The Freundlich isotherm and Elovich kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental results, which indicated surface heterogeneity (of the CScPA) and cooperative adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption process was shown to have potential to be applied to real wastewater effluent containing NSAIDs at low environmentally relevant concentrations (removal reached > 90% at 10 μg/L). Analysis of different implementation and cost related factors suggested that the CScPA has the potential for use with "real-world" water matrices, offering a sustainable treatment process for pharmaceutical remediation in wastewater. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: "Acid catalyst" functionalisation was applied to synthesise a P-ordered adsorbent. An adsorption capacity of 5.6 mg/g was achieved using real wastewater effluent. Adsorption mechanisms were governed by pore filling, EDA interactions and H-bonding. O- and P-containing functionalities were responsible for the adsorption interactions. A treatment cost of ∼0.24 $/m 3, indicated the economic viability of using the adsorbent.