High Coverage and Low Utilization of the Double Fortified Salt Program in Uttar Pradesh, India: Implications for Program Implementation and Evaluation. Issue 9 (10th August 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Cyriac, Shruthi; Haardörfer, Regine; Neufeld, Lynnette M; Girard, Amy Webb; Ramakrishnan, Usha; Martorell, Reynaldo; Mbuya, Mduduzi N N
• Is Part Of: Current developments in nutrition. Volume 4:Issue 9(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-08-10
• Subjects: double fortified salt -- implementation research -- adaptive evaluation -- coverage -- adherence; Nutrition -- Periodicals; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutrition; Periodicals; Periodicals; Fulltext; Internet Resources; Periodicals; 612.3
• DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa133
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2475-2991

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Background: Double fortified salt (DFS) is efficacious in addressing iron deficiency, but evidence of its effectiveness is limited. The few published evaluations do not include details on program implementation, limiting their utility for programmatic decisions. Objectives: We sought to characterize the coverage of a DFS program implemented through the Public Distribution System (PDS) in Uttar Pradesh, India, and understand the drivers of DFS adherence. Methods: After 8 mo of implementation, we surveyed 1202 households in 5 districts and collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, asset ownership, food security, and regular PDS utilization. We defined DFS program coverage as the proportion of PDS beneficiaries who had heard of and purchased DFS, and we defined DFS adherence as DFS use reported by households. We used principal component analysis to create an asset-based index of relative wealth, and we categorized households into higher/lower relative wealth quintiles. We conducted path analyses to examine the drivers of DFS adherence, particularly the mediated influence of household wealth on DFS adherence. The evaluation is registered with 3ie's Registry for International Development Impact Evaluations (RIDIE‐STUDY‐ID‐58f6eeb45c050). Results: The DFS program had good coverage: 83% of respondents had heard of DFS and 74% had purchased it at least once. However, only 23% exclusively used DFS. Respondents had low awareness about DFS benefits and considered DFS quality as poor. Being in a lower household wealth quintile and being food insecure were significant drivers of DFS adherence, and regular PDS utilization acted as a mediator. Adherence was lower in urban areas. Conclusions: We observed significant heterogeneity in DFS implementation as reflected by high coverage and low adherence. Findings from this process evaluation informed the design of an adaptive impact evaluation and provided generalizable insights for ensuring that the potential for impact is realized. Efforts are needed to increase awareness, improve product quality, as well as mitigate against the sensory challenges identified.