The [C ii]/[N ii] ratio in 3 < z < 6 sub-millimetre galaxies from the South Pole Telescope survey. Issue 3 (30th March 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Cunningham, D J M; Chapman, S C; Aravena, M; De Breuck, C; Béthermin, M; Chen, Chian-Chou; Dong, Chenxing; Gonzalez, A H; Greve, T R; Litke, K C; Ma, J; Malkan, M; Marrone, D P; Miller, T; Phadke, K A; Reuter, C; Rotermund, K; Spilker, J S; Stark, A A; Strandet, M; Vieira, J D; Weiß, A
• Is Part Of: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Volume 494:Issue 3(2020)
• Page Start: 4090
• Page End: 4097
• Publication Date: 2020-03-30
• Subjects: galaxies: evolution -- galaxies: high-redshift -- galaxies: statistics -- submillimetre: galaxies -- submillimetre: ISM; Astronomy -- Periodicals; Periodicals; 520.5
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa820
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0035-8711

Abstract

ABSTRACT: We present Atacama Compact Array and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment observations of the [N ii ] 205 μm fine-structure line in 40 sub-millimetre galaxies lying at redshifts z = 3–6, drawn from the 2500 deg 2 South Pole Telescope survey. This represents the largest uniformly selected sample of high-redshift [N ii ] 205 μm measurements to date. 29 sources also have [C ii ] 158 μm line observations allowing a characterization of the distribution of the [C ii ] to [N ii ] luminosity ratio for the first time at high redshift. The sample exhibits a median L $_{{\rm{[C\, {\small II}]}}}$ / L $_{{\rm{[N\, {\small II}]}}}$ ≈ 11.0 and interquartile range of 5.0 –24.7. These ratios are similar to those observed in local (Ultra)luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), possibly indicating similarities in their interstellar medium. At the extremes, we find individual sub-millimetre galaxies with L $_{{\rm{[C\, {\small II}]}}}$ / L $_{{\rm{[N\, {\small II}]}}}$ low enough to suggest a smaller contribution from neutral gas than ionized gas to the [C ii ] flux and high enough to suggest strongly photon or X-ray region dominated flux. These results highlight a large range in this line luminosity ratio for sub-millimetre galaxies, which may be caused by variations in gas density, the relative abundances of carbon and nitrogen, ionization parameter, metallicity, and a variation in the fractional abundance of ionized and neutral interstellar medium.