Out-of-sample data visualization using bi-kernel t-SNE. (January 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Zhang, Haili; Wang, Pu; Gao, Xuejin; Qi, Yongsheng; Gao, Huihui
• Is Part Of: Information visualization. Volume 20:Number 1(2021)
• Page Start: 20
• Page End: 34
• Publication Date: 2021-01
• Subjects: Data visualization -- dimensionality reduction -- T-SNE -- out-of-sample extension -- outlier projection; Information visualization -- Periodicals; 006.605
• DOI: 10.1177/1473871620978209
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1473-8716

Abstract

T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is an effective visualization method. However, it is non-parametric and cannot be applied to steaming data or online scenarios. Although kernel t-SNE provides an explicit projection from a high-dimensional data space to a low-dimensional feature space, some outliers are not well projected. In this paper, bi-kernel t-SNE is proposed for out-of-sample data visualization. Gaussian kernel matrices of the input and feature spaces are used to approximate the explicit projection. Then principal component analysis is applied to reduce the dimensionality of the feature kernel matrix. Thus, the difference between inliers and outliers is revealed. And any new sample can be well mapped. The performance of the proposed method for out-of-sample projection is tested on several benchmark datasets by comparing it with other state-of-the-art algorithms.