A survey of Twitter research: Data model, graph structure, sentiment analysis and attacks. (February 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Antonakaki, Despoina; Fragopoulou, Paraskevi; Ioannidis, Sotiris
• Is Part Of: Expert systems with applications. Volume 164(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-02
• Subjects: Social networks -- Twitter -- Survey -- Social graph -- Sentiment analysis -- Spam -- Bots -- Fake news -- Hate speech; Expert systems (Computer science) -- Periodicals; Systèmes experts (Informatique) -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 006.33
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114006
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0957-4174

Abstract

Abstract: Twitter is the third most popular worldwide Online Social Network (OSN) after Facebook and Instagram. Compared to other OSNs, it has a simple data model and a straightforward data access API. This makes it ideal for social network studies attempting to analyze the patterns of online behavior, the structure of the social graph, the sentiment towards various entities and the nature of malicious attacks in a vivid network with hundreds of millions of users. Indeed, Twitter has been established as a major research platform, utilized in more than ten thousands research articles over the last ten years. Although there are excellent review and comparison studies for most of the research that utilizes Twitter, there are limited efforts to map this research terrain as a whole. Here we present an effort to map the current research topics in Twitter focusing on three major areas: the structure and properties of the social graph, sentiment analysis and threats such as spam, bots, fake news and hate speech. We also present Twitter's basic data model and best practices for sampling and data access. This survey also lays the ground of computational techniques used in these areas such as Graph Sampling, Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning. Along with existing reviews and comparison studies, we also discuss the key findings and the state of the art in these methods. Overall, we hope that this survey will help researchers create a clear conceptual model of Twitter and act as a guide to expand further the topics presented. Highlights: We present a basic taxonomy of the main research areas in Twitter. We present strategies, good practices and pitfalls for obtaining data from Twitter. We analyze the current bibliography regarding the main properties, metrics and models of the social graph. We survey the methods most commonly used to perform Sentiment Analysis on Twitter. We lay the groundwork of the most common threats in Twitter: Spam, Bots, Fakes News and Hate Speech.