Electrolyzer modeling and real-time control for optimized production of hydrogen gas. (1st January 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Flamm, Benjamin; Peter, Christian; Büchi, Felix N.; Lygeros, John
• Is Part Of: Applied energy. Volume 281(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-01-01
• Subjects: Energy storage operation -- PEM electrolyzer -- Power to gas -- Model predictive control; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy conservation -- Periodicals; Energy conversion -- Periodicals; 621.042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116031
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-2619

Abstract

Abstract: We present a method that operates an electrolyzer to meet the demand of a hydrogen refueling station in a cost-effective manner by solving a model-based optimal control problem. To formulate the underlying problem, we first conduct an experimental characterization of a Siemens SILYZER 100 polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer with 100 kW of rated power. We run experiments to determine the electrolyzer's conversion efficiency and thermal dynamics as well as the overload-limiting algorithm used in the electrolyzer. The resulting detailed nonlinear models are used to design a real-time optimal controller, which is then implemented on the actual system. Each minute, the controller solves a deterministic, receding-horizon problem which seeks to minimize the cost of satisfying a given hydrogen demand, while using a storage tank to take advantage of time-varying electricity prices and photovoltaic inflow. We illustrate in simulation the significant cost reduction achieved by our method compared to others in the literature, and then validate our method by demonstrating it in real-time operation on the actual system. Highlights: Experimental identification of system dynamics for Siemens SILYZER 100 electrolyzer. Online optimal control experiments meet deterministic demand with near-optimal cost. Performance of system with mixed integer model compares favorably to linear model.