Form and flow: the 'karmic cycle' of copper. (April 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bray, P.; Cuénod, A.; Gosden, C.; Hommel, P.; Liu, R.; Pollard, A.M.
• Is Part Of: Journal of archaeological science. Volume 56(2015:Apr.)
• Page Start: 202
• Page End: 209
• Publication Date: 2015-04
• Subjects: Copper -- Recycling -- Provenance -- Typology; Archaeology -- Periodicals; Archéologie -- Périodiques; 930.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.013
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0305-4403

Abstract

Abstract: The analysis and interpretation of the chemical composition of copper-alloys is one of the longest ongoing research projects within archaeological science. Beginning in the late 18th century these data have been consistently used to try and link objects with distinct metal sources. This paper argues the traditional provenance model for copper alloys is fatally flawed. Through pursuing a 'pure' source signal, chemical and isotopic datasets have been removed from their context and history. Social engagement with metal through processes such as reuse, recycling, and curation were rarely considered important by analysts. We offer an alternative model that unites the available legacy scientific datasets with process-metallurgy, archaeological and geographical context, and new conceptual approaches. Rather than provenance, we offer an empirical model of metal flow. Here objects are seen as snapshots of a wider metal stream; their final scientific characterisation including echoes of their previous forms and contexts. Through a series of case studies we highlight how the reinterpretation of existing datasets can disentangle the complex life histories of units of copper. Highlights: We present a radical new framework for interpreting the chemical and isotopic composition of archaeological copper alloys. We show how 'conventional' provenance studies of copper alloys may in certain circumstances be misleading. Our focus is on characterising the underlying flow of metal, which builds upon individual object biographies and typologies.