Exposure status of sea-dumped chemical warfare agents in the Baltic Sea. (October 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Vanninen, Paula; Östin, Anders; Bełdowski, Jacek; Pedersen, Erik A.; Söderström, Martin; Szubska, Marta; Grabowski, Miłosz; Siedlewicz, Grzegorz; Czub, Michał; Popiel, Stanisław; Nawała, Jakub; Dziedzic, Daniel; Jakacki, Jaromir; Pączek, Bartłomiej
• Is Part Of: Marine environmental research. Volume 161(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-10
• Subjects: Sea-dumping -- Chemical weapons -- Chemical warfare agents -- Spreading -- Exposure status -- Chemical pollution -- Environmental impact -- Hazardous wastes -- Models -- Sediments; Marine pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Marine ecology -- Periodicals; Mer -- Pollution -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; Écologie marine -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 577.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105112
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0141-1136

Abstract

Abstract: About 50 000 tons of chemical weapons (CW) were dumped to the Baltic Sea after the Second World War. Munitions are located in the deep areas of the Baltic Sea, and there they act as a point source of contamination to the ecosystem. Corroded munitions release chemical warfare agents (CWAs) to nearby water and sediments. In this study we investigated known dumpsites (Bornholm, Gotland and Gdansk Deep) and dispersed chemical munitions, to evaluate the extent of contamination of nearby sediments, as well as to assess the degradation process of released CWA. It was found that CWA-related phenylarsenic chemicals (Clark I, Clark II and Adamsite) and sulfur mustard are released to the sediments and undergo environmental degradation to chemicals, of which some remain toxic. The extent of pollution of released CWAs and their corresponding degradation products reaches more than 250 m from the CW objects, and seem to follow a power curve decrease of concentration from the source. Bornholm Deep is characterised with the highest concentration of CWAs in sediments, but occasional concentration peaks are also observed in the Gdansk Deep and close to dispersed munitions. Detailed investigation of spreading pattern show that the range of pollution depends on bottom currents and topography. Highlights: Chemical warfare agents were analysed in Baltic Sediments Arsenic based and mustard degradation products were observed. Degradation pathway varies between studied areas. Contamination range reaches 250m from munitions.