Chronic Immune Activation in TB/HIV Co-infection. Issue 8 (August 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sharan, Riti; Bucşan, Allison N.; Ganatra, Shashank; Paiardini, Mirko; Mohan, Mahesh; Mehra, Smriti; Khader, Shabaana A.; Kaushal, Deepak
• Is Part Of: Trends in microbiology. Volume 28:Issue 8(2020)
• Page Start: 619
• Page End: 632
• Publication Date: 2020-08
• Subjects: chronic immune activation -- SIV -- Mtb -- nonhuman primates -- co-infection; Microbiology -- Periodicals; Infection -- Periodicals; Virulence (Microbiology) -- Periodicals; Infection -- Periodicals; Microbiology -- Periodicals; Virulence -- Periodicals; Microbiologie -- Périodiques; Infection -- Périodiques; Virulence (Microbiologie) -- Périodiques; Infection; Microbiology; Virulence (Microbiology); 579
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.015
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0966-842X

Abstract

Abstract : HIV co-infection is the most critical risk factor for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). While CD4 + T cell depletion has been considered the major cause of HIV-induced reactivation of LTBI, recent work in macaques co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb )/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) suggests that cytopathic effects of SIV resulting in chronic immune activation and dysregulation of T cell homeostasis correlate with reactivation of LTBI. This review builds on compelling data that the reactivation of LTBI during HIV co-infection is likely to be driven by the events of HIV replication and therefore highlights the need to have optimum translational interventions directed at reactivation due to co-infection. Highlights: A third of all 1.5 million annual deaths due to tuberculosis (TB) have an HIV component. The mere depletion of lung CD4 + T cells is insufficient in causing reactivation in macaques with latent TB infection (LTBI). These findings suggest a critical role for CD4 + T cell-independent factors such as chronic immune activation and altered effector T cell phenotypes in the reactivation of LTBI in Mtb /SIV co-infection. The approaches discussed herein represent the ideal use of knowledge gained from decades of work on two of the deadliest microbes known to humanity – Mtb and HIV – to develop translational approaches towards the control of the TB/AIDS syndemic.