Evaluating the 10% wind speed rule of thumb for estimating a wildfire's forward rate of spread against an extensive independent set of observations. (November 2020) - Cruz, Miguel G.
Abstract: The prediction of wildfire rate of spread and growth under high wind speeds and dry fuel moisture conditions is key to taking proactive actions to warn and in turn protect communities. We used two datasets of wildfires spreading under critical fire weather conditions to evaluate an existing rule of thumb that equates the forward rate of fire spread to 10% of the average open wind speed. The rule predicted the observed rates of fire spread with an overall mean absolute error of 1.7 km h −1 . The absolute error magnitude was consistent across the range in observed rates of fire spread, resulting in a reduction in percent error with an increase in spread rates. Mean absolute percent errors close to 20% were obtained for wildfires spreading faster than 2.0 km h −1 . The implications of model errors in the forecasting of fire spread with respect to community warning and safety are discussed. Highlights: We analysed the accuracy of the 10% wind speed rule of thumb for the rate of fire spread prediction against two independent wildfire datasets. The mean absolute error varied between 1.70 and 1.75 km h-1, with the percent error decreasing with an increase in the observed rate of fire spread. The rule of thumb was also analysed within the context of five recent catastrophic wildfires. The analysis supports the previous notion that the rule of thumb to be most appropriate for strong wind and dry fuel conditions typically associated with fast-spreading wildfires.