Thrombolytic Agents: Nanocarriers in Controlled Release. Issue 40 (12th August 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hassanpour, Soodabeh; Kim, Han‐Jun; Saadati, Arezoo; Tebon, Peyton; Xue, Chengbin; van den Dolder, Floor W.; Thakor, Jai; Baradaran, Behzad; Mosafer, Jafar; Baghbanzadeh, Amir; de Barros, Natan Roberto; Hashemzaei, Mahmoud; Lee, Kang Ju; Lee, Junmin; Zhang, Shiming; Sun, Wujin; Cho, Hyun‐Jong; Ahadian, Samad; Ashammakhi, Nureddin; Dokmeci, Mehmet R.; Mokhtarzadeh, Ahad; Khademhosseini, Ali
• Is Part Of: Small. Volume 16:Issue 40(2020)
• Page Start: n/a
• Page End: n/a
• Publication Date: 2020-08-12
• Subjects: drug delivery -- nanoparticles -- plasminogen activators -- thrombolytic agents -- thrombosis; Nanotechnology -- Periodicals; Nanoparticles -- Periodicals; Microtechnology -- Periodicals; 620.5
• DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001647
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1613-6810

Abstract

Abstract: Thrombosis is a life‐threatening pathological condition in which blood clots form in blood vessels, obstructing or interfering with blood flow. Thrombolytic agents (TAs) are enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve blood clots. The plasmin formed by TAs breaks down fibrin clots into soluble fibrin that finally dissolves thrombi. Several TAs have been developed to treat various thromboembolic diseases, such as pulmonary embolisms, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and extensive coronary emboli. However, systemic TA administration can trigger non‐specific activation that can increase the incidence of bleeding. Moreover, protein‐based TAs are rapidly inactivated upon injection resulting in the need for large doses. To overcome these limitations, various types of nanocarriers have been introduced that enhance the pharmacokinetic effects by protecting the TA from the biological environment and targeting the release into coagulation. The nanocarriers show increasing half‐life, reducing side effects, and improving overall TA efficacy. In this work, the recent advances in various types of TAs and nanocarriers are thoroughly reviewed. Various types of nanocarriers, including lipid‐based, polymer‐based, and metal‐based nanoparticles are described, for the targeted delivery of TAs. This work also provides insights into issues related to the future of TA development and successful clinical translation. Abstract : Thrombolytic agents (TAs) are catalytic enzymes that can convert plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve blood clots. However, the clinical application of TAs still has several limitations. In this work, the recent advances in targeted TAs and nanocarriers are thoroughly reviewed. Insights on barriers and discussions on expanding aid for developing TAs and minimally invasive therapeutics are also provided.