Observed Atmospheric and Surface Variability on Heterogeneous Terrain at the Hectometer Scale and Related Advective Transports. Issue 16 (30th August 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Simó, Gemma; Cuxart, Joan; Jiménez, Maria A.; Martínez‐Villagrasa, Daniel; Picos, Rodrigo; López‐Grifol, Alvaro; Martí, Belén
• Is Part Of: Journal of geophysical research. Volume 124:Issue 16(2019)
• Page Start: 9407
• Page End: 9422
• Publication Date: 2019-08-30
• Subjects: atmospheric and upper‐soil variability -- surface energy and water budgets -- local thermal advection -- station representativeness -- humidity advection and evapotranspiration -- hectometer scale; Atmospheric physics -- Periodicals; Geophysics -- Periodicals; 551.5
• DOI: 10.1029/2018JD030164
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2169-897X

Abstract

Abstract: The values of the atmospheric variables follow from mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. These equations involve gradients which, in heterogeneous terrain, lead to a connection of the values at one point to the values in their nearby surroundings, due to turbulence mixing or advective local transports. In this work the observed variability of the air and soil variables is analyzed for a 1‐km 2 surface in a semirural area for a number of weather stations separated typically 150 m. Data show a large variability at the hectometer scale, with several degrees of difference in temperature sustained in time between neighboring points. While in the daytime turbulence contributes to keep the differences moderate, in weak wind nights the spatial variability increases significantly. The variability of soil variables can be large depending on the soil moisture and the vegetation cover and is less sensitive to the diurnal cycle. The inspection of the vertical gradients of temperature and humidity reveals that their sign and intensity, and consequently the corresponding sensible and latent heat fluxes, differ depending on the measuring point. The thermal advection is obtained from the hectometer‐scale network, which is comparable in magnitude to the turbulent fluxes and to the imbalance of the surface energy budget for clear and calm nights. During the day, the advection term may explain part of the energy budget imbalance, particularly when it is computed on a 30‐min time scale. A similar method is applied to the water vapor, finding that in the very dry conditions of the experiment, moisture advection is significant and with values comparable to the evapotranspiration. Key Points: The observed atmospheric variability over semiarid terrain at the hectometer scale is significant Thermal advection is quantitatively close to the turbulent heat fluxes in clear nights with weak winds In dry conditions, local advection of moisture can be of the same order of evapotranspiration