Temporary reduction in fine particulate matter due to 'anthropogenic emissions switch-off' during COVID-19 lockdown in Indian cities. (November 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kumar, Prashant; Hama, Sarkawt; Omidvarborna, Hamid; Sharma, Ashish; Sahani, Jeetendra; Abhijith, K.V.; Debele, Sisay E.; Zavala-Reyes, Juan C.; Barwise, Yendle; Tiwari, Arvind
• Is Part Of: Sustainable cities and society. Volume 62(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-11
• Subjects: AOD aerosol optical depth -- AQI air quality index -- CO carbon monoxide -- CO2 carbon dioxide -- COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 -- EPA Environmental Protection Agency -- ER excess risk -- ESA European Space Agency -- GEV generalized extreme value -- GoI Government of India -- HB health burden -- MODIS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer -- MSL mean sea level -- NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- NH3 ammonia -- NO2 nitrogen dioxide -- O3 ozone -- PDF probability density function -- PM particulate matter -- PM2.5 PM with aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm -- PM10 PM with aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 10 μm -- RH relative humidity -- RR relative risk -- SARS-CoV-2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 -- SO2 sulphur dioxide -- SSEC Space Science and Engineering Centre -- TROPOMI TROPOspheric monitoring instrument -- UK United Kingdom -- USA United States of America -- USD United States Dollar -- VSL value of statistical life -- WHO World Health Organization; Coronavirus pandemic -- SARS-CoV-2 Virus -- Air pollution -- Health and economic impacts -- PM2.5 concentration -- Emission switch-off; Sustainable urban development -- Periodicals; Sustainable buildings -- Periodicals; Urban ecology (Sociology) -- Periodicals; 307.76
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102382
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2210-6707

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: COVID-19 lockdown reduced PM2.5 concentrations in five Indian cities by up to 54%. PM2.5 reduction in Delhi was similar to that of other Asian and European cities. Modelling revealed fewer extreme PM2.5 values during the lockdown in all cities. Spatial distribution of AOD showed a general decrease in aerosol loading. PM2.5 reductions prevented ∼630 premature deaths, valued at 0.69 billion USD. Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic elicited a global response to limit associated mortality, with social distancing and lockdowns being imposed. In India, human activities were restricted from late March 2020. This 'anthropogenic emissions switch-off' presented an opportunity to investigate impacts of COVID-19 mitigation measures on ambient air quality in five Indian cities (Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai), using in-situ measurements from 2015 to 2020. For each year, we isolated, analysed and compared fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) concentration data from 25 March to 11 May, to elucidate the effects of the lockdown. Like other global cities, we observed substantial reductions in PM2.5 concentrations, from 19 to 43% (Chennai), 41–53% (Delhi), 26–54% (Hyderabad), 24–36% (Kolkata), and 10–39% (Mumbai). Generally, cities with larger traffic volumes showed greater reductions. Aerosol loading decreased by 29% (Chennai), 11% (Delhi), 4% (Kolkata), and 1% (Mumbai) against 2019 data. Health and related economic impact assessments indicated 630 prevented premature deaths during lockdown across all five cities, valued at 0.69 billion USD. Improvements in air quality may be considered a temporary lockdown benefit as revitalising the economy could reverse this trend. Regulatory bodies must closely monitor air quality levels, which currently offer a baseline for future mitigation plans.