Failure investigation of nuclear grade POCO graphite target in high energy neutrino physics through numerical simulation. (August 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bidhar, Sujit; Simos, Nikolaos; Senor, David; Hurh, Patrick
• Is Part Of: Nuclear materials and energy. Volume 24(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-08
• Subjects: Neutrino physics -- Isotropic graphite -- Radiation damage -- Annealing -- X-ray diffraction -- Finite element analysis -- Empirical formula -- Thermal stress wave; Nuclear energy -- Periodicals; Nuclear fuels -- Periodicals; Nuclear reactors -- Materials -- Periodicals; Radioactive substances -- Periodicals; 621.4833
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2020.100761
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2352-1791

Abstract

Highlights: Empirical Formula for irradiation induced local swelling in POCO graphite. Effect of fluence and temperature is integrated into empirical formula. Empirical formula is implemented into FEA to predict internal stresses and strains. Validated the empirical formulation to experimental swelling data reasonably. Static and dynamic analysis to explain the fracture and initiation. Abstract: In many high energy physics neutrino beamlines, targets are made up of isotropic POCO graphite grade for production of neutrinos for high energy particle physics research and are bombarded with highly energetic pulsed proton beam. The pulsed proton beam with a small beam size creates thermal stress waves as well as radiation damage such as displacement damage, void formation, swelling, and gas formation amongst others. As a result, after a few years of operation one of the longest operated targets appears to have undergone bulk swelling and fractured along the beam centerline. A complex interaction of dynamic loading due to beam, material degradation due to irradiation are thought to have caused such a failure. Here, we present a numerical simulation to capture the combined effects of swelling and the dynamic effect of thermal stress waves due to beam heating, to explain the failure of target. An empirical formula has been developed to take into account swelling as a function of temperature and proton fluence and has been implemented in a commercial finite element code. Extensive X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed on graphite samples from the failed target to understand the lattice parameter changes due to irradiation and build a valid empirical model. Simulation results show that swelling plays a major role in elevating the stress state in the material exceeding the failure strength while the pulsed beam heating also introduces fatigue loading that would explain brittle fracture emanating from inside of the material and propagating outward. Such empirical formulations will help in identifying the threshold values of critical parameters to extend the service life of future multi-megawatt neutrino targets and targets in other accelerator environments.