Controlled workplace charging of electric vehicles: The impact of rate schedules on transformer aging. (15th October 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Powell, Siobhan; Kara, Emre Can; Sevlian, Raffi; Cezar, Gustavo Vianna; Kiliccote, Sila; Rajagopal, Ram
• Is Part Of: Applied energy. Volume 276(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-10-15
• Subjects: Electric vehicle -- Transformer aging -- Charging infrastructure -- Workplace charging -- Controlled charging; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy conservation -- Periodicals; Energy conversion -- Periodicals; 621.042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115352
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-2619

Abstract

Highlights: The impact of electric vehicle charging on a parking lot transformer is significant at high utilization. Controlled charging can greatly improve the impact and hosting capacity. Minimizing the daily peak load is as effective as minimizing for transformer aging. Rate schedules including demand charges or management are best for the transformer. Analysis uses data from real workplace charging sessions. Abstract: To accelerate adoption of non-residential charging for electric vehicles, sites must maximize utilization of existing electrical infrastructure. In this study we model electric vehicle charging at a workplace using real charging data and evaluate the lifetime of the site's transformer as the number of charging stations is incrementally increased. We implement and compare a range of control schemes for workplace charging including minimizing the peak load, capping the total load, minimizing bills under different rate structures with time-of-use energy costs and demand charges, and directly minimizing the transformer's aging. These are compared by the number of vehicles they allow the transformer to support, the transformer's health, and the operator's electricity bill. We draw a connection between minimizing the peak load and improving the transformer's health. We observe that minimizing the electricity bill is the best scheme by both criteria when the bill includes a demand charge; in our experiment it allowed the infrastructure to support over 67% more cars than under uncontrolled charging. To protect the transformer we recommend that demand charges or capacity management be applied to parking lots of charging electric vehicles with high infrastructure utilization, and operators schedule charging to minimize their electricity bills.