The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18: a geospatial analysis. Issue 9 (September 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Deshpande, Aniruddha; Miller-Petrie, Molly K; Lindstedt, Paulina A; Baumann, Mathew M; Johnson, Kimberly B; Blacker, Brigette F; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abejie, Ayenew Negesse; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães; Abrigo, Michael R.M.; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou; Adamu, Abdu A; Adebayo, Oladimeji M; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Afarideh, Mohsen; Agudelo-Botero, Marcela; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed, Anwar E; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akanda, Ali S; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Noore; Alamene, Genet Melak; Alanzi, Turki M; Albright, James; Albujeer, Ammar; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alebel, Animut; Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw; Ali, Muhammad; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almasi, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amini, Saeed; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansariadi, Ansariadi; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Benny; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Arabloo, Jalal; Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin; Aremu, Olatunde; Armoon, Bahram; Arora, Amit; Aryal, Krishna K; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asmelash, Daniel; Atalay, Hagos Tasew; Athari, Seyyede Masoume; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atre, Sachin R; Ausloos, Marcel; Awasthi, Shally; Awoke, Nefsu; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Azari, Samad; Azman, Andrew S; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badawi, Alaa; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Bakkannavar, Shankar M; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Banach, Maciej; Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar; Barac, Aleksandra; Barboza, Miguel A; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Basu, Sanjay; Bay, Vo Dinh; Bayati, Mohsen; Bedi, Neeraj; Beheshti, Mahya; Behzadifar, Meysam; Behzadifar, Masoud; Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda; Bell, Michelle L; Bennett, Derrick A.; Benzian, Habib; Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema; Bernstein, Robert S; Bhat, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Boufous, Soufiane; Brady, Oliver J; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B; Brown, Alexandria; Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath; Butt, Zahid A; Cámera, Luis Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R; Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar; Cano, Jorge; Car, Josip; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carvalho, Felix; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Castro, Franz; Cerin, Ester; Chalise, Binaya; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chin, Ken Lee; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Cormier, Natalie Maria; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cromwell, Elizabeth A; Dadi, Abel Fekadu Fekadu; Dahiru, Tukur; Dahlawi, Saad M A; Dandona, Rakhi; Dandona, Lalit; Dang, Anh Kim; Daoud, Farah; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Darwish, Amira Hamed; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K; Das Gupta, Rajat; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis Weaver, Nicole; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Demissie, Dereje Bayissa; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Deribe, Kebede; Desalew, Assefa; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhillon, Preeti; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Diaz, Daniel; Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi; Do, Hoa Thi; Dolecek, Christiane; Doyle, Kerrie E; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Effiong, Andem; Eftekhari, Aziz; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; El Tantawi, Maha; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; El-Khatib, Ziad; Elkout, Hajer; Elsharkawy, Aisha; Enany, Shymaa; Endalew, Daniel Adane; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Etemadi, Arash; Ezekannagha, Oluchi; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fareed, Mohammad; Faro, Andre; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fasil, Alebachew Fasil; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Fekadu, Wubalem; Fentahun, Netsanet; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Flohr, Carsten; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Foroutan, Masoud; Franklin, Richard Charles; Frostad, Joseph Jon; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gad, Mohamed M; Garcia, Gregory M; Gatotoh, Augustine Mwangi; Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Gesesew, Hailay Abrha; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghazi Sherbaf, Farzaneh; Gill, Tiffany K; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Ginindza, Themba G; Girmay, Alem; Gizaw, Zemichael; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia; Goulart, Alessandra C; Grada, Ayman; Green, Manfred S; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guido, Davide; Guimarães, Rafael Alves; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Rahul; Ha, Giang Hai; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Haile, Dessalegn H; Haile, Michael Tamene; Hall, Brian J.; Hamidi, Samer; Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes; Haririan, Hamidreza; Hariyani, Ninuk; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md. Mehedi; Hasanzadeh, Amir; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Hayelom, Desta Haftu; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hidru, Hagos Degefa de; Hird, Thomas R; Hoang, Chi Linh; Hollerich, Gillian I; Hoogar, Praveen; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Househ, Mowafa; Hu, Guoqing; Humayun, Ayesha; Hussain, Syed Ather; Hussen, Mamusha Aman A; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Milena D.; Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Ivers, Rebecca Q; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalali, Amir; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S; Jonas, Jost B.; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kanchan, Tanuj; Karch, André; Karki, Surendra; Kasaeian, Amir; Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie; Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe; Kassa, Gebrehiwot G; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Kebede, Mihiretu M; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Ketema, Daniel Bekele; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalid, Nauman; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Junaid; Khan, Md Nuruzzaman; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Mona M; Khater, Amir M; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Mohammad; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kiadaliri, Ali; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kisa, Sezer; Kisa, Adnan; Kochhar, Sonali; Kolola, Tufa; Komaki, Hamidreza; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kusuma, Dian; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lal, Aparna; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lam, Hilton; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lansingh, Van Charles; Lasrado, Savita; Lebedev, Georgy; Lee, Paul H; LeGrand, Kate E; Leili, Mostafa; Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Levine, Aubrey J; Lewycka, Sonia; Li, Shanshan; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F; Lopukhov, Platon D; Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed; Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R.; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahotra, Narayan B.; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manafi, Navid; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Martinez, Gabriel; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; Mathur, Manu Raj; Mayala, Benjamin K; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; Meharie, Birhanu Geta; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar; Mehta, Kala M; Mekonnen, Teferi; Mekonnen, Tefera Chane; Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael; Meles, Hagazi Gebre; Memiah, Peter T N; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Metekiya, Workua Mekonnen; Metekiya, Workua Mekonnen; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miller, Ted R; Mini, GK; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Moazen, Babak; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser; Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Hassen; Mohebi, Farnam; Mokdad, Ali H; Moodley, Yoshan; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi-Joo, Mohammad; Moraga, Paula; Morales, Linda; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mozaffor, Miliva; Munro, Sandra B; Muriithi, Moses K.; Murray, Christopher J L; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naik, Gurudatta; Nangia, Vinay; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nazari, Javad; Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith; Negoi, Ionut; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, QuynhAnh P; Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nnaji, Chukwudi A; Nojomi, Marzieh; Norheim, Ole F; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Oancea, Bogdan; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Onwujekwe, Obinna E; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B; Owolabi, Mayowa O; P A, Mahesh; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao.; Pakhale, Smita; Pana, Adrian; Park, Eun-Kee; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Pathak, Ashish; Patle, Ajay; Paulos, Kebreab; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Perico, Norberto; Pervaiz, Aslam; Pescarini, Julia Moreira; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Pigott, David M; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Poljak, Mario; Pollock, Ian; Postma, Maarten J; Pourmalek, Farshad; Pourshams, Akram; Prada, Sergio I; Preotescu, Liliana; Quintana, Hedley; Rabiee, Navid; Rabiee, Mohammad; Radfar, Amir; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Siavash; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rajati, Fatemeh; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Puja C; Rasella, Davide; Rath, Goura Kishor; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M.N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Ana Isabel; Rickard, Jennifer; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rubino, Salvatore; Saad, Anas M; Sabour, Siamak; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar; Safari, Yahya; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salam, Nasir; Saleem, Ahsan; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Santos, Itamar S; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawhney, Monika; Sayyah, Mehdi; Sbarra, Alyssa N; Schaeffer, Lauren E; Schwebel, David C; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Serván-Mori, Edson; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shaheen, Amira A; Shahid, Izza; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharma, Rajesh; Sheikh, Aziz; Shetty, B Suresh Kumar; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivakumar, K M; Si, Si; Siabani, Soraya; Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Singh, Virendra; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Ambrish; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Sisay, Malede Mequanent; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Smith, David L; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza; Sokhan, Anton; Soriano, Joan B; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soyiri, Ireneous N; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Sykes, Bryan L.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadesse, Degena Bahrey; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Taye, Bineyam; Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesfay, Berhe Etsay; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; ThekkePurakkal, Akhil Soman; Thomas, Nihal; Thompson, Robert L; Thomson, Alan J; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tran, Khanh Bao; Ullah, Irfan; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Usman, Muhammad Shariq; Uthman, Olalekan A; Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi; Valdez, Pascual R; Varughese, Santosh; Veisani, Yousef; Violante, Francesco S; Vollmer, Sebastian; W/hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Wang, Yafeng; Wangdi, Kinley; Weiss, Daniel J; Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay; Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew; Westerman, Ronny; Wiangkham, Taweewat; Wiens, Kirsten E; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolde, Haileab Fekadu; Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu; Wonde, Tewodros Eshete; Worku, Getasew Taddesse; Yadollahpour, Ali; Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein; Yamada, Tomohide; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yatsuya, Hiroshi; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A; Yu, Chuanhua; Yusefzadeh, Hasan; Zadey, Siddhesh; Zahirian Moghadam, Telma; Zaidi, Zoubida; Zaman, Sojib Bin; Zamani, Mohammad; Zandian, Hamed; Zar, Heather J; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Yunquan; Ziapour, Arash; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zuniga, Yves Miel H; Hay, Simon I; Reiner, Robert C;
• Is Part Of: Lancet. Volume 8:Issue 9(2020)
• Page Start: e1186
• Page End: e1194
• Publication Date: 2020-09
• Subjects: World health -- Periodicals; 362.105
• DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30286-2
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2214-109X

Abstract

Summary: Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods: A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km 2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings: We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation: Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.