Anti-Muslim discrimination in France: Evidence from a field experiment. (November 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Valfort, Marie-Anne
• Is Part Of: World development. Volume 135(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-11
• Subjects: Religion -- Religiosity -- Islam -- Discrimination -- Europe -- France; C93 -- J15 -- J71 -- Z12; Economic history -- 1990- -- Periodicals; Economic assistance -- Developing countries -- Periodicals; 330.9
• DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105022
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0305-750X

Abstract

Highlights: This correspondence study compares the callback rates of Muslim and Christian job applicants originating from the same country. Muslims qua Muslims are discriminated against but this general finding masks substantial variation with respect to religiosity. Non-religious Muslims are not discriminated against relative to non-religious Christians. While religiosity constitutes a premium for Christians, it works as a penalty for Muslims, unless they are outstanding. Religious Muslims must submit twice as many applications as their Christian counterparts before being called back by the recruiters. Abstract: Are Muslims qua Muslims discriminated against in the French labour market? Identifying anti-Muslim hiring discrimination is challenging because it requires neutralising two confounding factors: geographic origin (the bulk of Muslim-majority countries are located outside of Europe and its offshoots) and religiosity (survey-based evidence reveals greater importance attached to God among Muslims than Christians). To address these challenges, this paper compares the callback rates of fictitious job applicants of Muslim and Christian affiliation who originate from the same country, Lebanon, and are identical in every respect save the religion they inherited. This paper also varies whether the job applicants are "religious", i.e. whether they practise their religion in adulthood, through their membership in Scouting associations. The results reveal no discrimination against Muslims when they are not religious. However, Muslims lose ground when they are religious, unless they are outstanding. The gap further widens when religious Muslims are compared to religious Christians. While religiosity constitutes a penalty for Muslims, it works as a premium for Christians: their callback rate is boosted when they are religious. Consequently, religious Muslims must submit twice as many applications as religious Christians before being called back by the recruiters. A closer look at the data reveals that the "religiosity penalty" affects ordinary Muslim men and accounts for the full gap in callback rate between religious ordinary Muslim men (4.2%) and their Christian counterparts (10.9%). This finding is compatible with employers incurring a disutility when they interact with religious Muslim men, that wanes as the latter become outstanding and, hence, more likely to behave in a way that pleases employers. It is also compatible with religious ordinary Muslim men being linked to a risk of religious radicalism. A follow-up survey confirms that the signal used to convey religiosity is deemed relevant and correctly interpreted by employers.