Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in jamu available on the Indonesian market and accompanying safety assessment for human consumption. (April 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Suparmi, Suparmi; Mulder, Patrick P.J.; Rietjens, Ivonne M.C.M.
• Is Part Of: Food and chemical toxicology. Volume 138(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-04
• Subjects: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids -- Jamu -- Contamination -- Risk assessment -- Margin of exposure; Toxicology -- Periodicals; Food poisoning -- Periodicals; Food Poisoning -- Periodicals; Toxicology -- Periodicals; Toxicologie -- Périodiques; Intoxications alimentaires -- Périodiques; Food poisoning; Toxicology; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 615.9
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111230
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0278-6915

Abstract

Abstract: The occurrence and accompanying risks of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in Indonesian jamu were evaluated. PAs were detected in 34 out of 35 jamu containing PA-producing botanicals, in the range of 12.3–235, 376 μg/kg. A total PA level of 5.9–3, 421 μg/kg was found in 17 out of 23 jamu made of non-PA-producing botanicals pointing to contamination with PA-producing plants. Short-time consumption of jamu is unlikely to result in acute toxic effects, although one sample would exceed an intake of 10 μg PA/kg bw/day which may cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) in humans. The risk assessment for the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of PAs revealed Margin of Exposure (MOE) values below 10, 000 for 27 out of all samples analysed (46.6%), indicating a priority for risk management when assuming daily lifelong consumption. Assuming consumption for two weeks every year during a lifetime, and using Haber's rule, 13 out of 35 jamu samples containing PA-producing botanicals (37%) still pose a priority, while the jamu consisting of non-PA-producing botanicals would be of low priority (MOE>10, 000). This study provides data that can support risk management actions in Indonesia to minimize the potential health risk for jamu consumers due to the occurrence of toxic PAs in these products. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) were quantified in jamu containing PA-producing botanicals or non-PA-producing botanicals. An exposure and safety assessment for acute and chronic periods was performed. Acute exposure does not raise a concern. Lifetime daily consumption of 27 out of 58 samples indicate a priority for risk management. When used for 2 weeks every year during a lifetime, 13 samples still raise concern.