The effects of goal types on psychological outcomes in active and insufficiently active adults in a walking task: Further evidence for open goals. (May 2020) - Hawkins, Rebecca M.
Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to extend recent work on the effects of goal types in physical activity (PA; Swann, Hooper et al., 2020) by comparing the effects of SMART, open, and do-your-best (DYB) goals on performance and psychological responses in active and insufficiently active adults in a walking task. Design: 4 (goal condition) x 3 (attempt) x 2 (group) mixed design. Methods: Active ( n = 18) and insufficiently active ( n = 18) participants completed baseline and two experimental attempts of a 6-minute walking test in four conditions: SMART goal; open goal; DYB goal; and control. A range of measures were taken during and following each attempt, and after each session. A series of mixed ANOVA's were conducted for all measures assessed between groups. Results: Insufficiently active participants achieved greater distances in the open condition compared to the SMART condition ( p < .001), whereas active participants achieved greater distances in the SMART condition compared to the open condition ( p < .001). Additionally, exploratory analyses revealed that insufficiently active participants reported greater pleasure and enjoyment ( p < .05) in the open condition compared to active participants, who conversely reported more pleasure and enjoyment ( p < .05) in the SMART condition than insufficiently active participants. Conclusions: Findings provide initial evidence that PA and psychological responses differ between active and insufficiently active individuals depending on goal type. This work has potential implications for goal setting strategies in PA promotion and raises further questions about current practices of setting SMART goals for insufficiently active participants. Highlights: Active and insufficiently active adults took part in four 6-min walking sessions. All participants took part in three experimental conditions and a control condition. SMART goals elicited the most positive affect and enjoyment in active adults. Open goals produced the most pleasure and enjoyment in insufficiently active adults. Findings offer more evidence of the efficacy of open goals in physical activity.