2-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)methyl)pyridine as a new functional block for aggregation induced emissive and stimuli-responsive materials. (October 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kuimov, Anatoly D.; Becker, Christina S.; Koskin, Igor P.; Zhaguparov, Daniiar E.; Sonina, Alina A.; Shundrina, Inna K.; Sherin, Peter S.; Kazantsev, Maxim S.
• Is Part Of: Dyes and pigments. Volume 181(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-10
• Subjects: Aggregation-induced emission -- Highly-emissive organic solid -- Mechano-responsive luminescence -- Photoluminescence -- Mechanical writing; Dyes and dyeing -- Periodicals; Pigments -- Periodicals; 667.2
• DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108595
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0143-7208

Abstract

Abstract: Highly-emissive mechanofluorochromic (MFC) organic solids changing their emission colors upon exposure to mechanical stimuli are highly demanded for various practical applications. In this work we introduced a planarizable by intramolecular N⋯H bond 2-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)methyl)pyridine fragment featuring an Aggregation-Induced Emission Enhancement and, particularly, MFC property for its bithiophene derivative. A two compounds, 2-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)methyl)-5-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)pyridine (FTP) and 2-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)methyl)-5-([2, 2′-bithiophen]-5-yl)pyridine (FTT) were synthesized and fully characterized. In liquid solution both compounds are low emissive, however in the solid state they exhibit the photoluminescence quantum yield of 33% and 13% for FTP and FTT, respectively. Remarkably, the powder of FTT demonstrates a self-reversible mechanofluorochromism: the emission spectrum red-shifts after the grinding or pressurization and it recovers during one-day of storage without any treatment. The powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry revealed the reversible phase transition under temperature and mechanic stimuli. Analysis of molecular structure shows that in the gas phase FTT has a planar geometry while in the solid state it loses the flatness due to the crystal environment. Our results speak in favor of the increase of FTT planarity under the pressure to be responsible for the observed mechanofluorochromism. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: We introduce 2-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)methyl)pyridine (F) moiety for proper design of new materials. Thiophenyl-phenylenе FTP derivative exhibits Aggregation-Induced Emission. Bi-thiophenyl derivative (FTT) demonstrates a self-reversible mechanofluorochromism. Pressure-induced planarization of FTT molecule in crystal is the origin of mechanofluorochromism.