Weathering and persistence of plastic in the marine environment: Lessons from LEGO. (July 2020) - Turner, Andrew
Abstract: The residence times of plastics in the oceans are unknown, largely because of the durability of the material and the relatively short (decadal) period of time over which plastic products have been manufactured. In this study, classic LEGO bricks constructed of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and washed up on beaches of southwest England have been subjected to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and the spectra and any other identifiers matched with unweathered blocks stored in collections or sets of known history. Relative to unweathered equivalents, weathered blocks exhibit varying degrees of yellowing, fracturing and fouling, and are of lower mass, average stud height and mechanical strength. These effects are attributed to photo-oxidative degradation and the actions of physical stress and abrasion while exposed to the marine environment. Infrared spectra indicate that the polymer remains largely intact on weathering but with photo-degradation of the polybutadiene phase of ABS, while quantification of XRF spectra reveals that pigments like cadmium sulphoselenide become more heterogeneously distributed in the matrix when in the environment. Using measured mass loss of paired (weathered versus unweathered) equivalents and the age of blocks obtained from storage we estimate residence times of between about 100 and 1300 years for this type and thickness of plastic, with variations reflecting differences in precise additive composition and modes of weathering. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: LEGO blocks weathered at sea have been collected from English beaches. Samples have been paired with archived blocks in their original condition. Physical and chemical changes to the plastic have been determined systematically. Weathered blocks undergo fouling, cracking, pigment leaching and mass loss. Quantification of the latter suggests residence times of the plastic of 100–1300 years. Abstract : The weathering and persistence of plastic at sea has been studied by comparing LEGO blocks washed up on beaches with archived LEGO blocks of a similar age.