Neuroenhancement in surgeons: benefits, risks and ethical dilemmas. Issue 8 (26th April 2020)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Neuroenhancement in surgeons: benefits, risks and ethical dilemmas. Issue 8 (26th April 2020)
- Main Title:
- Neuroenhancement in surgeons: benefits, risks and ethical dilemmas
- Authors:
- Patel, R.
Ashcroft, J.
Darzi, A.
Singh, H.
Leff, D. R. - Abstract:
- Abstract : Background: Surgeons traditionally aim to reduce mistakes in healthcare through repeated training and advancement of surgical technology. Recently, performance‐enhancing interventions such as neurostimulation are emerging which may offset errors in surgical practice. Methods: Use of transcranial direct‐current stimulation (tDCS), a novel neuroenhancement technique that has been applied to surgeons to improve surgical technical performance, was reviewed. Evidence supporting tDCS improvements in motor and cognitive performance outside of the field of surgery was assessed and correlated with emerging research investigating tDCS in the surgical setting and potential applications to wider aspects of healthcare. Ethical considerations and future implications of using tDCS in surgical training and perioperatively are also discussed. Results: Outside of surgery, tDCS studies demonstrate improved motor performance with regards to reaction time, task completion, strength and fatigue, while also suggesting enhanced cognitive function through multitasking, vigilance and attention assessments. In surgery, current research has demonstrated improved performance in open knot‐tying, laparoscopic and robotic skills while also offsetting subjective temporal demands. However, a number of ethical issues arise from the potential application of tDCS in surgery in the form of safety, coercion, distributive justice and fairness, all of which must be considered prior to implementation.Abstract : Background: Surgeons traditionally aim to reduce mistakes in healthcare through repeated training and advancement of surgical technology. Recently, performance‐enhancing interventions such as neurostimulation are emerging which may offset errors in surgical practice. Methods: Use of transcranial direct‐current stimulation (tDCS), a novel neuroenhancement technique that has been applied to surgeons to improve surgical technical performance, was reviewed. Evidence supporting tDCS improvements in motor and cognitive performance outside of the field of surgery was assessed and correlated with emerging research investigating tDCS in the surgical setting and potential applications to wider aspects of healthcare. Ethical considerations and future implications of using tDCS in surgical training and perioperatively are also discussed. Results: Outside of surgery, tDCS studies demonstrate improved motor performance with regards to reaction time, task completion, strength and fatigue, while also suggesting enhanced cognitive function through multitasking, vigilance and attention assessments. In surgery, current research has demonstrated improved performance in open knot‐tying, laparoscopic and robotic skills while also offsetting subjective temporal demands. However, a number of ethical issues arise from the potential application of tDCS in surgery in the form of safety, coercion, distributive justice and fairness, all of which must be considered prior to implementation. Conclusion: Neuroenhancement may improve motor and cognitive skills in healthcare professions with impact on patient safety. Implementation will require accurate protocols and regulations to balance benefits with the associated ethical dilemmas, and to direct safe use for clinicians and patients. Abstract : Mistakes are inevitable in healthcare, and surgeons traditionally aim to avoid these through training and surgical technology. Emerging neuroenhancement techniques have demonstrated significant gains in cognitive and motor domains that could offset the errors seen in surgical practice. This article discusses neurostimulation as a neuroenhancing tool for surgeons and the surrounding ethical issues of its application in healthcare. Stimulating Abstract : Antecedentes: Los cirujanos tratan de reducir sus errores durante la atención médica mediante el entrenamiento reiterado y los avances tecnológicos. Recientemente, han surgido otras opciones para mejorar el rendimiento, como la neuroestimulación que puede subsanar los errores en la práctica quirúrgica. Métodos: Se revisó la utilización de la estimulación transcraneal de corriente directa (transcranial direct‐current stimulation, tDCS), una técnica de estimulación neurológica que se ha aplicado a cirujanos para mejorar su rendimiento técnico. Se revisaron las evidencias que dan soporte a la mejoría en el rendimiento motor y cognitivo tras tDCS en otros ámbitos más allá de la cirugía y se correlacionó con datos recientes obtenidos en el entorno quirúrgico y sus posibles aplicaciones a otras áreas de la atención médica. También se discuten aspectos éticos y las implicaciones que la utilización de la tDCS pudiera tener en el entrenamiento quirúrgico y perioperatorio. Resultados: Al margen de la cirugía, los estudios de tDCS demuestran una mejoría en el rendimiento motor medido por el tiempo de reacción, de finalización de tareas, de fuerza y la fatiga, así como también sugieren un incremento de la función cognitiva a través de evaluaciones multitarea, de vigilancia y de atención. En cirugía, la investigación actual ha demostrado una mejoría en el rendimiento para la realización de nudos abiertos, habilidades laparoscópicas y robóticas, mientras también contrarresta las exigencias subjetivas materiales. Sin embargo, surgen aspectos éticos ante la posible aplicación de la tDCS en cirugía, como son la seguridad, la coerción, la justicia distributiva y la equidad, situaciones que deben considerarse antes de su implementación. Conclusión: La estimulación neurológica puede mejorar las habilidades motoras y cognitivas de los profesionales sanitarios con repercusión en la seguridad del paciente. Su implementación requerirá de protocolos y regulaciones específicas para equilibrar los beneficios con los dilemas éticos asociados y garantizar su seguridad para médicos y pacientes. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- British journal of surgery. Volume 107:Issue 8(2020)
- Journal:
- British journal of surgery
- Issue:
- Volume 107:Issue 8(2020)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 107, Issue 8 (2020)
- Year:
- 2020
- Volume:
- 107
- Issue:
- 8
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2020-0107-0008-0000
- Page Start:
- 946
- Page End:
- 950
- Publication Date:
- 2020-04-26
- Subjects:
- Surgery -- Periodicals
617.005 - Journal URLs:
- http://www.bjs.co.uk/bjsCda/cda/microHome.do ↗
https://academic.oup.com/bjs# ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1002/bjs.11601 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 0007-1323
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
- View Content:
- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
- Physical Locations:
- British Library DSC - 2325.000000
British Library DSC - BLDSS-3PM
British Library STI - ELD Digital store - Ingest File:
- 13157.xml