Race, Representation, and Revenue: Reliance on Fines and Forfeitures in City Governments. Issue 4 (July 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Singla, Akheil; Kirschner, Charlotte; Stone, Samuel B.
• Is Part Of: Urban affairs review. Volume 56:Issue 4(2020)
• Page Start: 1132
• Page End: 1167
• Publication Date: 2020-07
• Subjects: representation -- nontax revenue -- public finance -- representative bureaucracy -- fines and forfeitures; City planning -- Periodicals; Aménagement urbain; Développement urbain; Planification urbaine; Politique urbaine; Recherche; Sociologie urbaine; Urbanisme; Ville; États-Unis; Périodique électronique (Descripteur de forme); Ressource Internet (Descripteur de forme); 307.76
• DOI: 10.1177/1078087419834632
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1078-0874

Abstract

Historically, revenue associated with things like traffic citations—termed fines and forfeitures —has made up an insignificant portion of city revenue. In recent years, however, cities are increasingly reliant on these revenues. This changed without fanfare, meaning there is little understanding of how or why it occurred. One potential explanation is budgetary, meaning cities rely more on fines due to increased fiscal stress or demand for public safety services. Alternatively, existing research demonstrates that race and representation are significant predictors of crime and punishment outcomes, including traffic citations. Using a stratified random sample of California cities, this study investigates which of these factors explain city reliance on revenue from fines and forfeitures. It finds that cities' reliance on fines and forfeitures is not associated with budgetary need or public safety service provision, but is associated with the race of the population and the racial composition of law enforcement.