Scenarios of cycling to school in England, and associated health and carbon impacts: Application of the 'Propensity to Cycle Tool'. (March 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Goodman, Anna; Rojas, Ilan Fridman; Woodcock, James; Aldred, Rachel; Berkoff, Nikolai; Morgan, Malcolm; Abbas, Ali; Lovelace, Robin
• Is Part Of: Journal of transport & health. Volume 12(2019)
• Page Start: 263
• Page End: 278
• Publication Date: 2019-03
• Subjects: OD origin-destination -- LSOA Lower Super Output Area -- NSC National School Census -- NTS National Travel Survey -- MET Metabolic Equivalent Task -- PCT Propensity to Cycle Tool; Active travel -- Cycling -- School -- Modelling -- Physical activity -- Carbon emissions; Transportation -- Health aspects -- Periodicals; Transportation -- Periodicals; Public Health -- Periodicals; Noise, Transportation -- Periodicals; Air Pollutants -- Periodicals; 388
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2019.01.008
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2214-1405

Abstract

Abstract: Background: The Propensity to Cycle Tool (PCT) is a freely available, interactive tool help prioritise cycling initially launched in England in 2017 and based on adult commuting data. This paper applies the method to travel to school data, and assesses health and carbon benefits based on nationwide scenarios of cycling uptake. Methods: The 2011 National School Census provides origin-destination data for all state-funded schools in England (N = 7, 442, 532 children aged 2–18 in 21, 443 schools). Using this dataset, we modelled propensity to cycle as a function of route distance and hilliness between home and school. We generated scenarios, including 'Go Dutch' – in which English children were as likely to cycle as Dutch children, accounting for trip distance and hilliness. We estimated changes in the level of cycling, walking, and driving, and associated impacts on physical activity and carbon emissions. Results: In 2011, 1.8% of children cycled to school (1.0% in primary school, 2.7% in secondary school). If Dutch levels of cycling were reached, under the Go Dutch scenario, this would rise to 41.0%, a 22-fold increase. This is larger than the 6-fold increase in Go Dutch for adult commuting. This would increase physical activity from school travel among pupils by 57%, and reduce transport-related carbon emissions by 81 kilotonnes/year. These impacts would be substantially larger in secondary schools than primary schools (a 96% vs. 9% increase in physical activity, respectively). Conclusion: Cycling to school is uncommon in England compared with other Northern European countries. Trip distances and hilliness alone cannot explain the difference, suggesting substantial unmet potential. We show that policies resulting in substantial uptake of cycling to school would have important health and environmental benefits. At the level of road networks, the results can inform local investment in safe routes to school to help realise these potential benefits. Highlights: The Propensity to Cycle Tool (PCT) provides evidence to prioritise cycling investment This paper describes the application of the methods English travel to school data Dutch data show what could happen if cycling to school became the norm Results can help prioritise safe routes to school, down to the route network level A free, interactive, open source tool makes the evidence actionable www.pct.bike