Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Issue 10159 (10th November 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Dicker, Daniel; Nguyen, Grant; Abate, Degu; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abay, Solomon M; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbasi, Nooshin; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdela, Jemal; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdel-Rahman, Omar; Abdi, Alireza; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi; Abebe, Haftom Temesgen; Abebe, Molla; Abebe, Zegeye; Abebo, Teshome Abuka; Aboyans, Victor; Abraha, Haftom Niguse; Abrham, Aklilu Roba; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou; Acharya, Pawan; Adebayo, Oladimeji M; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Adhena, Beyene Meressa; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Adib, Mina G; Adou, Arsène Kouablan; Adsuar, Jose C; Afarideh, Mohsen; Afshin, Ashkan; Agarwal, Gina; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi; Agrawal, Sutapa; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim; Ahmed, Sayem; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aichour, Amani Nidhal; Aichour, Ibtihel; Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine; Akanda, Ali S; Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil; Akibu, Mohammed; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akseer, Nadia; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alebel, Animut; Aleman, Alicia V; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Ali, Raghib; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Alla, François; Allebeck, Peter; Allen, Christine A; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M; Alsharif, Ubai; Altirkawi, Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T; Amini, Erfan; Ammar, Walid; Amoako, Yaw Ampem; Anber, Nahla Hamed; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Androudi, Sofia; Animut, Megbaru Debalkie; Anjomshoa, Mina; Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem; Ansari, Hossein; Ansariadi, Ansariadi; Ansha, Mustafa Geleto; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Aremu, Olatunde; Areri, Habtamu Abera; Ärnlöv, Johan; Arora, Megha; Artaman, Al; Aryal, Krishna K; Asadi-Lari, Mohsen; Asayesh, Hamid; Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay; Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal; Assadi, Reza; Ataro, Zerihun; Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atique, Suleman; Atre, Sachin R; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Attia, Engi F; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide F G A; Awasthi, Ashish; Awuah, Baffour; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayele, Henok Tadesse; Ayele, Yohanes; Ayer, Rakesh; Ayuk, Tambe B; Azzopardi, Peter S; Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha; Badali, Hamid; Badawi, Alaa; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Bali, Ayele Geleto; Banach, Maciej; Banstola, Amrit; Barac, Aleksandra; Barboza, Miguel A; Barquera, Simon; Barrero, Lope H; Basaleem, Huda; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Arindam; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Béjot, Yannick; Bekele, Bayu Begashaw; Belachew, Abate Bekele; Belay, Aregawi Gebreyesus; Belay, Ezra; Belay, Saba Abraham; Belay, Yihalem Abebe; Bell, Michelle L; Bello, Aminu K; Bennett, Derrick A; Bensenor, Isabela M; Berhane, Adugnaw; Berman, Adam E; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S; Bertolacci, Gregory J; Beuran, Mircea; Beyranvand, Tina; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhatia, Eesh; Bhatt, Samir; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Biadgo, Belete; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bililign, Nigus; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Birlik, Sait Mentes; Birungi, Charles; Bisanzio, Donal; Biswas, Tuhin; Bjørge, Tone; Bleyer, Archie; Basara, Berrak Bora; Bose, Dipan; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Brant, Luisa C; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas J K; Brenner, Hermann; Britton, Gabrielle; Brugha, Traolach; Burke, Kristin E; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Callender, Charlton S K H; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R; Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar; Cano, Jorge; Car, Mate; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Félix; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline; Castro, Franz; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Çavlin, Alanur; Cerin, Ester; Chaiah, Yazan; Champs, Ana Paula; Chang, Hsing-Yi; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chattopadhyay, Aparajita; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chen, Wanqing; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Choi, Jee-Young J; Christensen, Hanne; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M; Ciobanu, Liliana G; Cirillo, Massimo; Claro, Rafael M; Cohen, Aaron J; Collado-Mateo, Daniel; Constantin, Maria-Magdalena; Conti, Sara; Cooper, Cyrus; Cooper, Leslie Trumbull; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Cortinovis, Monica; Cousin, Ewerton; Criqui, Michael H; Cromwell, Elizabeth A; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Crump, John A; Cucu, Alexandra; Cunningham, Matthew; Daba, Alemneh Kabeta; Dachew, Berihun Assefa; Dadi, Abel Fekadu; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dang, Anh Kim; Dargan, Paul I; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Siddharth K; Das Gupta, Rajat; das Neves, José; Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Weaver, Nicole Davis; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Davletov, Kairat; Dayama, Anand; Courten, Barbora de; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; De leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Degefa, Meaza Girma; Degenhardt, Louisa; Degfie, Tizta T; Deiparine, Selina; Dellavalle, Robert P; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demtsu, Balem Betsu; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Des Jarlais, Don C; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Dey, Subhojit; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhimal, Meghnath; Ding, Eric L; Djalalinia, Shirin; Doku, David Teye; Dolan, Kate A; Donnelly, Christl A; Dorsey, E Ray; Douwes-Schultz, Dirk; Doyle, Kerrie E; Drake, Thomas M; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubey, Manisha; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duken, Eyasu Ejeta; Duncan, Bruce B; Duraes, Andre R; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ebrahimpour, Soheil; Edessa, Dumessa; Edvardsson, David; Eggen, Anne Elise; El Bcheraoui, Charbel; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; Elfaramawi, Mohammed; El-Khatib, Ziad; Ellingsen, Christian Lycke; Elyazar, Iqbal R F; Enayati, Ahmadali; Endries, Aman Yesuf Yesuf; Er, Benjamin; Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeili, Reza; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Fakhar, Mahdi; Fakhim, Hamed; Farag, Tamer; Faramarzi, Mahbobeh; Fareed, Mohammad; Farhadi, Farzaneh; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Farvid, Maryam S; Farzadfar, Farshad; Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein; Fazeli, Mir Sohail; Feigin, Valery L; Feigl, Andrea B; Feizy, Fariba; Fentahun, Netsanet; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Fernandes, Joao C; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Fijabi, Daniel Obadare; Filip, Irina; Finegold, Samuel; Fischer, Florian; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A; Ford, John A; Foreman, Kyle J; Fornari, Carla; Frank, Tahvi D; Franklin, Richard Charles; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fuller, John E; Fullman, Nancy; Fürst, Thomas; Furtado, João M; Futran, Neal D; Galan, Adriana; Gallus, Silvano; Gambashidze, Ketevan; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L; Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A; Gebre, Teshome; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu; Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe; Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Gelano, Tilayie Feto; Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa; Geleijnse, Johanna M; Genova-Maleras, Ricard; Gessner, Bradford D; Getachew, Sefonias; Gething, Peter W; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul; Ghadimi, Reza; Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil; Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghimire, Mamata; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K; Gillum, Richard F; Giussani, Giorgia; Goenka, Shifalika; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen; Gómez-Dantés, Hector; Gona, Philimon N; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goto, Atsushi; Goulart, Alessandra C; Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Prakash C; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tanush; Gyawali, Bishal; Haagsma, Juanita A; Hachinski, Vladimir; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hagos, Tekleberhan B; Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hamidi, Samer; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J; Harb, Hilda L; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasan, Mehedi; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Roderick J; Hay, Simon I; He, Yihua; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Mohsen; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Henry, Nathaniel J; Heredia-Pi, Ileana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Heydarpour, Pouria; Heydarpour, Sousan; Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw; Hoek, Hans W; Hole, Michael K; Homaie Rad, Enayatollah; Hoogar, Praveen; Horino, Masako; Hosgood, H Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hotez, Peter J; Hoy, Damian G; Hsairi, Mohamed; Htet, Aung Soe; Hu, Guoqing; Huang, John J; Husseini, Abdullatif; Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama; Hutfless, Susan; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Igumbor, Ehimario U; Ikeda, Chad Thomas; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Isehunwa, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Jahangiry, Leila; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Rajesh; Jain, Sudhir Kumar; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; James, Spencer L; Javanbakht, Mehdi; Jayaraman, Sudha; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jee, Sun Ha; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B; Joshi, Ankur; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jungari, Suresh Banayya; Jürisson, Mikk; K, Madhanraj; Kabir, Zubair; Kadel, Rajendra; Kahsay, Amaha; Kahssay, Molla; Kalani, Rizwan; Kapil, Umesh; Karami, Manoochehr; Karami Matin, Behzad; Karch, André; Karema, Corine; Karimi, Narges; Karimi, Seyed M; Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza; Kasaeian, Amir; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Katibeh, Marzieh; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Kazemeini, Hossein; Kazemi, Zhila; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; K C, Prakash; Kebede, Seifu; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Kereselidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalid, Nauman; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Khang, Young-Ho; Khanna, Tripti; Khater, Mona M; Khatony, Alireza; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khoja, Abdullah T; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A; Kibret, Getiye D Dejenu; Kim, Cho-il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Jun Y; Kim, Young-Eun; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kinra, Sanjay; Kisa, Adnan; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivimäki, Mika; Kleber, Marcus E; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kochhar, Sonali; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A; Kosek, Margaret N; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael A; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnaswami, Sanjay; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kudom, Andreas A; Kuipers, Ernst J; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumsa, Fekede Asefa; Kutz, Michael J; Lad, Sheetal D; Lafranconi, Alessandra; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lam, Hilton; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lan, Qing; Langan, Sinéad M; Lansingh, Van C; Lansky, Sonia; Larson, Heidi Jane; Laryea, Dennis Odai; Lassi, Zohra S; Latifi, Arman; Lavados, Pablo M; Laxmaiah, Avula; Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Lebedev, Georgy; Lee, Paul H; Leigh, James; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Leta, Samson; Levi, Miriam; Li, Shanshan; Li, Yichong; Li, Xiaohong; Liang, Juan; Liang, Xiaofeng; Liben, Misgan Legesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S; Limenih, Miteku Andualem; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Yang; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Lonsdale, Chris; Lorch, Scott A; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lozano, Rafael; Lucas, Tim C D; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A; Ma, Stefan; Mabika, Crispin; Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T; Maddison, Emilie R; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan; Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed; Maghavani, Dhaval P; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malik, Manzoor Ahmad; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manamo, Wondimu Ayele; Manda, Ana-Laura; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Marami, Dadi; Maravilla, Joemer C; Marcenes, Wagner; Marina, Shakhnazarova; Martinez-Raga, Jose; Martins, Sheila C O; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; März, Winfried; Marzan, Melvin B; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Masiye, Felix; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Maulik, Pallab K; Mazidi, Mohsen; McGrath, John J; McKee, Martin; Mehata, Suresh; Mehendale, Sanjay Madhav; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M; Mehta, Varshil; Mekonen, Tesfa; Mekonnen, Tefera Chane; Meles, Hagazi Gebre; Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Memiah, Peter T N; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Mengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane; Miangotar, Yode; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Miller, Ted R; Mini, G K; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Moazen, Babak; Moges, Nurilign Abebe; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammed, Mohammed A; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Mahmoudreza; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Moreno Velásquez, Ilais; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Moschos, Marilita M; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C; Muller, Kate; Murhekar, Manoj; Murphy, Tasha B; Murthy, G V S; Murthy, Srinivas; Musa, Jonah; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nachega, Jean B; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naheed, Aliya; Nahvijou, Azin; Naik, Gurudatta; Nair, Sanjeev; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nawaz, Haseeb; Ncama, Busisiwe P; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngalesoni, Frida N; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Nguyen, Ha Thu; Nguyen, Huong Thanh; Nguyen, Long Hoang; Nguyen, Michele; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nirayo, Yirga Legesse; Nisar, Muhammad Imran; Nixon, Molly R; Nolutshungu, Nomonde; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F; Noroozi, Mehdi; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Malihe; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nsoesie, Elaine O; Nyasulu, Peter S; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Okoro, Anselm; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olagunju, Tinuke O; Olivares, Pedro R; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Ong, Sok King; Opio, John Nelson; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Justin R; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Øverland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; P A, Mahesh; Pacella, Rosana; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhare, Abhijit P; Pana, Adrian; Panda, Basant Kumar; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Achyut Raj; Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai; Parisi, Andrea; Park, Eun-Kee; Parry, Charles D H; Parsian, Hadi; Patel, Shanti; Patle, Ajay; Patten, Scott B; Patton, George C; Paudel, Deepak; Pearce, Neil; Peprah, Emmanuel K; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M; Perez, Krystle M; Perico, Norberto; Pervaiz, Aslam; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petri, William A; Petzold, Max; Phillips, Michael R; Pigott, David M; Pillay, Julian David; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Pond, Constance Dimity; Popova, Svetlana; Postma, Maarten J; Pourmalek, Farshad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Prakash, V; Prakash, Swayam; Prasad, Narayan; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quistberg, D Alex; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Kazem; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Sajjad ur; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rajsic, Sasa; Raju, Sree Bhushan; Ram, Usha; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranjan, Prabhat; Ranta, Anna; Rasella, Davide; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Ray, Sarah E; Razo-García, Christian; Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago; Rehm, Jürgen; Reiner, Robert C; Reinig, Nickolas; Reis, Cesar; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M N; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Satar; Rezaeian, Shahab; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P; Riojas, Horacio; Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus; Roba, Kedir Teji; Robinson, Stephen R; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roshchin, Denis O; Rostami, Ali; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Ruhago, George Mugambage; Saadat, Soheil; Sabde, Yogesh Damodar; Sachdev, Perminder S; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mahdi; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S; Salamati, Payman; Saldanha, Raphael de Freitas; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salz, Inbal; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores; Santos, Itamar S; Santos, João Vasco; Santric Milicevic, Milena M; Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi; Sardana, Mayank; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Savic, Miloje; Sawant, Arundhati R; 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• Is Part Of: Lancet. Volume 392:Issue 10159(2018)
• Page Start: 1684
• Page End: 1735
• Publication Date: 2018-11-10
• Subjects: Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine; Medicine; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 610.5
• DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0140-6736

Abstract

Summary: Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.