Comparison of image-based methods for determining the inline mixing uniformity of pesticides in direct nozzle injection systems. (February 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Dai, Xiang; Xu, Youlin; Zheng, Jiaqiang; Ma, Luqiang; Song, Haichao
• Is Part Of: Biosystems engineering. Volume 190(2020)
• Page Start: 157
• Page End: 175
• Publication Date: 2020-02
• Subjects: Precision spraying -- Direct nozzle injection system -- Pesticide -- Inline mixing uniformity -- Image processing; Bioengineering -- Periodicals; Agricultural engineering -- Periodicals; Biological systems -- Periodicals; Génie rural -- Périodiques; Systèmes biologiques -- Périodiques; 631
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.12.007
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1537-5110

Abstract

Abstract : Seven image-based methods to determine mixing uniformity in inline mixers by image processing were compared using viscous pesticides mixtures with gradually increasing uniformity. After obtaining initial optimal methods and calculation parameters, they were further evaluated by a jet mixer and a layered mixer. Results showed that quantitative descriptions for uniformity inside the tube by grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and concentration difference within time sequence (CVT) failed to reflect accurately the changing-trends in uniformity. A histogram information entropy (HIE)-based method tended to underestimate changes, while coefficient of variance based on each single frame (CVS) which calculated differences in pixel values underestimated it when mixtures showed stratification, indicating that both methods were not suitable. However, the accuracy of methods using explicit features such as second-order moments of grey-scale histogram (HSM) and optimised area-weighted uniformity index (OAU), as well as implicit methods such as principal components analysis (PCA) were suitable, and the normalised index > 80% can be suitable because no non-scattered pesticide remained. Single-viewing images were adequate for evaluating the uniformity produced by mixers although small errors between horizontal and vertical-viewing images existed. During evaluations by mixers, OAU and PCA proved to be more advantageous than HSM because these methods do not only rely on pixel probability distributions of grey-scale histograms, but the positional information of the pesticide distribution, even though the HSM is more time-efficient than them. Highlights: Evaluation of methods to analyse pesticides uniformity in direct nozzle injection systems. Seven image-based methods examined to evaluate mixing efficacy. Image-based methods were justified by both CFD simulations and experiments. PCA, HSM, OAU methods reflected changing trends in uniformity in verification tests. PCA, OAU perform better than HSM in determining uniformity for mixers.