Making skull cups: Butchering traces on cannibalised human skulls from five European archaeological sites. (February 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Marginedas, Francesc; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Antonio; Soto, Maria; Bello, Silvia M.; Cáceres, Isabel; Huguet, Rosa; Saladié, Palmira
• Is Part Of: Journal of archaeological science. Volume 114(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-02
• Subjects: Ritualization of skulls -- Cut marks -- Scalping -- Cannibalism; Archaeology -- Periodicals; Archéologie -- Périodiques; 930.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105076
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0305-4403

Abstract

Abstract: The presence of skull cups (bowls made from human calvaria) is considered evidence of the ritualistic treatment of human bodies. These artefacts are characterised by careful manufacturing which can be taphonomically observed in bone surface modifications (BSM) as cut marks and percussion marks. These BSM show morphological similarities across Upper Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age assemblages. This study is focused on the analysis of the frequency and spatial distribution of cut marks on skull cups from Gough's Cave (UK), Herxheim (Germany), and El Mirador Cave (Spain), as compared to the frequency and spatial distribution of modifications on human skulls (non-skull cups) from TD6.2 of Gran Dolina (Spain) and Fontbrégoua (France), with the aim of identifying a common pattern related to a symbolic background. Nearest neighbour analysis and Kernel analyses were used to identify the distribution pattern of anthropogenically induced modifications. The results indicate that the frequency and distribution of cut marks on human skulls modified into skull cups are unique and are most likely to be the result of meticulous cleaning of skulls. A similar frequency and distribution pattern of modifications was also observed on skulls from Fontbrégoua, possibly related to the collection of skulls as war trophies. No parallels with the treatment of skulls of Homo antecessor at TD6.2 of Gran Dolina were observed. We suggest that the treatment of human skulls for ritualistic purposes therefore results in a consistent pattern of modification. Highlights: Cut marks on skulls are often associated with a process of scalping, defleshing, and dismemberment. Cut marks on skull cups are distributed in clusters localised to specific areas of the skulls. Frequency and clustering of cut marks are related with the intentional preparation of skull cups. A high concentration of anthropogenic modifications on skulls may be related to symbolic treatment.