Immune regulation by microbiome metabolites. Issue 2 (17th April 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kim, Chang H.
• Is Part Of: Immunology. Volume 154:Issue 2(2018)
• Page Start: 220
• Page End: 229
• Publication Date: 2018-04-17
• Subjects: barrier function -- bile acids -- immunity -- indole -- inflammation -- metabolites -- microbiome -- short‐chain fatty acids; Immunology -- Periodicals
• DOI: 10.1111/imm.12930
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0019-2805

Abstract

Summary: Commensal microbes and the host immune system have been co‐evolved for mutual regulation. Microbes regulate the host immune system, in part, by producing metabolites. A mounting body of evidence indicates that diverse microbial metabolites profoundly regulate the immune system via host receptors and other target molecules. Immune cells express metabolite‐specific receptors such as P2X7, GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A, aryl hydrocarbon receptor precursor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), TGR5 and other molecular targets. Microbial metabolites and their receptors form an extensive array of signals to respond to changes in nutrition, health and immunological status. As a consequence, microbial metabolite signals contribute to nutrient harvest from diet, and regulate host metabolism and the immune system. Importantly, microbial metabolites bidirectionally function to promote both tolerance and immunity to effectively fight infection without developing inflammatory diseases. In pathogenic conditions, adverse effects of microbial metabolites have been observed as well. Key immune‐regulatory functions of the metabolites, generated from carbohydrates, proteins and bile acids, are reviewed in this article. Abstract : The gut microbiota produce many metabolites. Production of metabolites is altered in many chronic inflammatory and malignant diseases. Microbial metabolites promote both immunity and immune tolerance.